1410s

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The 1410s decade ran from January 1, 1410, to December 31, 1419.

• January 27 – The 8th Parliament of King Henry IV of England is opened, with Thomas Chaucer as Speaker of the House of Commons.
• January 31 – Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter becomes the new Lord Chancellor of England.^[1]
• February 26 – A papal bull is issued from Avignon by the Antipope Benedict XIII for Joan Gilabert Jofré to create the Hospital dels Ignoscents, the world's first hospital for the treatment of mental illness.^[2]
• March 25 – The first of the Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols is launched as at least 100,000 soldiers depart from Beijing on a mission to depose Öljei Temür Khan.^[3]
• March 29 – The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the Giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia.^[4]

• April 15 – At the wedding in Gien of Charles, Duke of Orléans to Bonne of Armagnac, the most powerful nobles of France form the League of Gien, joining forces to fight the Duke of Burgundy, John the Fearless, beginning a civil war that will last for 30 years.^[5]
• May 9 – The English Parliament closes its session for the year, and royal assent is given by King Henry IV to various acts, including the Sealing of Cloths Act 1409 and the Unlawful Games Act.
• May 17 ‐ At Pisa, Cardinal Baldasare Cossa is elected by members of the Council of Pisa as the successor to the "antipope" Alexander V, who had died on May 4. On May 25, Cossa takes the name "John XXIII",^[6] a name that will be used more than 500 years later in 1958 when Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli is crowned as Pope John XXIII.
• May 18 – The death of Rupert, King of the Romans, Elector of Palatine and ruler of Germany, creates a conflict over who will be the successor to the German throne.^[7] Rupert's son becomes the new Louis III, Elector Palatine as Ludwig III.
• May 19 – During his campaign against the Eastern Mongols, China's Yongle Emperor stops with his troops at Minluanshu and orders the carving of an inscription on rocks at the north bank of the Kerulen river, declaring "In the eighth year of the Yongle geng yin, fourth month ding you, sixteenth day ren zi, the Emperor of the Great Ming passed here with six armies during the punitive expedition against the barbarian robbers."^[8]
• May 31 – King Martin I of Aragon (who is also King Martin II of Sicily) dies at the age of 53, leaving a question of who his successor will be, and five contenders for the thrones of both nations argue until the crown is awarded to Martin's nephew, Ferdiand, in 1412.^[9]
• June 15 –
  • At the Onon River, the Chinese Army, under the command of the Yongle Emperor, annihilates the Mongol forces of the Khagan Öljei Temür Khan, also known as Bunyashiri. The Khagan escapes and the Chinese troops pursue Arughtai, chingsang of another branch of the Northern Yuan.^[10][8]
  • Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, defeats his brother Musa Çelebi, at the Battle of Kosmidion outside of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.^[11]

• July 11 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.^[12]
• July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (Žalgiris), also known as Battle of Tannenberg: Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.^[13]
• July 26 – The Siege of Marienburg (now Malbork in Poland), capital of the State of the Teutonic Order of the Teutonic Knights, begins with an attack by Poland and Lithuania with an army of 26,000 men against less than 5,000 Teutons.^[14]
• August 29 – The Duchy of Pomerania-Stargard is submitted by Bogislaw VIII, the Duke of Pomerania, to become a fiefdom within the Kingdom of Poland, led by King Wladyslaw II. In return, Bogislaw receives Lauenburg and Bütow Land as well as Człuchów, Biały Bór, Debrzno, Świdwin and Czarne.^[15]
• September 16 – After a siege of almost four months, the Muslim city of Antequera, located in what is now Andalusia in Spain, surrenders to the Crown of Castile and its army, commanded by Prince Ferdinand of Aragon.^[16]
• September 19 – After nearly two months of no progress against the defending Teutonic Knights, and the dissatisfaction of the Lithuanians and Poles in continuing a long-term conflict, the siege of Marienburg is lifted.^[14]
• September 20 – Following the death of Rupert, King of the Romans, on May 18, a council of three electors— Louis III, Elector Palatine; Werner von Falkenstein, Elector of Trier and Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, Burgrave of Nuremberg votes to elect King Sigismund of Hungary as the new King of the Romans and the informal "King of Germany". The rest of the electors of the Holy Roman Empire refuse to accept Sigismund.^[17]

• October 1 – A different set of electors— Friedrich III. von Saarwerden, Elector of Cologne; Johann II von Nassau, Elector of Mainz and Rudolf III, Elector of Saxony elects Jobst of Moravia as their choice for the King of the Romans.^[18] The conflict will remain unresolved for another four years.
• October 10 – The Polish-Lithuanian alliance defeats the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Koronowo.^[19]
• October 10 – Euthymius II becomes the new Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church among Christians, after the death in August of the Patriarch Matthew I.
• November 2 – A temporary halt to the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War in France is reached with the signing of a truce at Bicêtre, near Paris.^[20]
• December 10 – The Teutonic Council, led by the Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen, and King Jogalia of Poland and Duke of Lithuania enter into a 32-day truce.^[14]

• Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague.
• Construction begins on Castle Woerden in the Netherlands.
• The Prague Astronomical Clock (also known as Prague Orloj) is built by Mikuláš of Kadaň and Jan Šindel in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.

• January 10 – At Anhilpur Patan in what is now the state of Gujarat in India, Ahmad Shah I becomes the new Sultan of Gujarat upon the death of his grandfather, Muzaffar Shah I.^[21]
• January 18 – Jobst, King of the Romans and Elector of Brandenburg, a member of the House of Luxembourg who had been elected to rule as the German monarch on October 1, dies suddenly at the age of 35 following a suspected poisoning. His death clears the way for Jobst's cousin and rival, Sigismund of Hungary, to become the new King of the Romans, and for control of the Electorate of Brandenburg to go from the House of Luxembourg to the House of Hohenzollern, with Frederick of Hohenzollern becoming the new Elector in return for supporting the election of Sigismund.^[22]
• February 1 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed at Thorn (now Torun in Poland) in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.^[23] The Knights cede the region of Dobrzyń Land to the Kingdom of Poland.
• February 8 – In Spain, a parliament or representatives from Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia is opened at Calatayud to elect a successor to King Martin of Aragon, who had died eight months earlier on May 31.^[24] Although [[James II, Count of Urgell| is nominated by the castellan of Aragon to be the new King, the parliament declines to support him or any other candidate.
• February 17 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, is strangled to death after being forced by his brother Musa Çelebi, to flee the Ottoman capital, Edirne. Rule of the Ottoman domains in Europe (Rumelia) passes to Musa.^[25]
• February 26 – (2 Dhu al-Qi'dah 813 A.H..) At 1:20 in the afternoon, Ahmad Shah I formally lays the foundation of the new city of Ahmedabad at the site of Asawal, where he had defeated the warlord Asha Bhil.^[26][27]) at Manek Burj.
• March 4 –
  • Friso-Hollandic Wars: Friesland soldiers capture the Netherlands city of Staveren, the last Netherlands stronghold in Friesland, after a bitter winter prevents ships from both sides from crossing the Zuiderzee and freezes the moat around the city walls.
  • Gujarat Sultan Ahmen Shah I declares the new city of Ahmedabad to be the new Gujarat capital.^[28]

• April 1 – Carlo I Tocco arrives at Ioannina in Greece to become the new ruler of the former Byzantine state, the Despotate of Epirus.^[29]
• April 13 – Sandalj Hranić, Duke of Bosnia, sells the Croatian coatal town of Ostrovica to the Republic of Venice, giving the Venetians further control of the Dalmatian Coast and both sides of the Adriatic Sea.^[30]
• May 19 – At the order of Louis II of Anjou, General Muzio Attendolo, leader of the Neapolitan Army, defeats the army of King Ladislaus of Naples in a battle at the Battle of Roccasecca in the Lazio region of Italy.^[31]
• June 3 – At Vienna, Friedrich IV, nicknamed "Friedrich of the Empty Pockets", becomes the new Duke of Further Austria upon the death of his older brother, Leopold the Fat.^[32]
• June 4 – The French city of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon is given exclusive rights by King Charles VI to the ripening and marketing of Roquefort cheese.^[33]

• July 6 – Ming Dynasty Chinese Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after his second voyage, and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor.^[34]
• July 21 – Sigismund is formally elected unanimously as King of the Romans by the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire present.
• July 24 – Battle of Harlaw in Scotland: Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles, and an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar battle to a bloody draw.
• August 4 – Parameswara of Malacca (also identified as Bai-li-mi-su-la or Iskandar Shah, Sultan of Malacca in what is now Malaysia, is hosted by the Ming Court in China for the first of three banquets to honor his visit.^[35]
• September 3 – The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.
• September 21 – King Henry IV of England calls his ninth parliament.

• October 3 – At the Abbey of St Vaast in Arras in France, John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy hosts English Bishop Henry Chichele and several envoys who are ready to negotiate terms for English support of Burgundy in the ongoing French civil war with the Armagnacs. The negotiations fail to attract much support other than to hire some of the English soldiers as mercentaries.^[36]
• October 22 – The Duke of Burgundy and his troops capture Paris with the help of English mercenaries.^[37]
• November 3 – The English Parliament is assembled after being summoned by King Henry IV, and elects Thomas Chaucer as Speaker of the House of Commons again.
• November 24 – The Swiss canton of Appenzell enters into an alliance with most of the cantons of the Swiss Confederacy.^[38]
• November 30 – Henry IV dismisses Prince Henry and his supporters from the government. The next day, the leader of the Armagnacs, the Duke of Orleans, finds that the gates to the walled city of Paris have been locked and are closely guarded.
• December 19 – Royal assent is given by King Henry IV to many of the acts passed by the English Parliament, including the Riot Act 1411, which provides that "The justices of peace and the sheriffs shall arrest those which commit any riot... and inquire of them, and record their offences.
• December 21 – King Henry IV of England issues pardons to all but two of the Welsh rebels in the Glyndŵr rebellion except for the leaders, Owain Glyndŵr and Thomas of Trumpington^[39]

• Under the Yongle Emperor of Ming China, work begins to reinstate the ancient Grand Canal of China, which fell into disuse and dilapidation during the previous Yuan dynasty. Between 1411 and 1415, a total of 165,000 laborers dredge the canal bed in Shandong, build new channels, embankments, and canal locks. Four large reservoirs in Shandong are also dug, in order to regulate water levels, instead of resorting to pumping water from local tables. A large dam is also constructed, to divert water from the Wen River southwest into the Grand Canal.
• Constantinople is briefly besieged by the Ottoman pretender Musa Çelebi, due to Byzantine support for Süleyman Çelebi during the Ottoman Interregnum.
• (possibly early 1412) The Battle of İnceğiz between the rival brothers Mehmed Çelebi and Musa Çelebi, during the Ottoman Interregnum.

• January 16 – The Medici Family are made official bankers of the Papacy.
• January 25 – Ernest, Duke of Austria, marries Cymburgis of Masovia.
• January 29 – The "Mining Code" (Zakon o Rudnishma) is enacted in Serbia by the Despot Stefan Lazarević to regulate the extraction of minerals.^[40]
• February 15 – The Alcañiz Concord is reached in the Spanish Aragonese city of Alcañiz to have a group of nine delegates choose an undisputed King of Aragon.
• February 27 – Battle of Morvedre: In the Spnaish Kingdom of Valencia, supporters of Ferdinand of Antequera defeat those of James II, Count of Urgell.^[41]
• February 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is granted a charter of privilege by the local bishop.^[42]
• March 29 – Compromise of Caspe: Nine delegates are chosen in Spain in the town of Caspe to arrive at an agreement to resolve the question of which of six relatives of the late King Martin on May 31, 1410. should be the new King of Aragon.

• April 12 – Albert V, son of the former King of Sweden, Duke Albert IV, becomes the Duke of Mecklenburg (now part of Germany upon the death of his father.
• May 7 – In Cairo, Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in, the Caliph of Cairo, is installed by rebels as the new Sultan of Egypt as a temporary replacement for his father, the Sultan An-Nasir Faraj.^[43] Al-Musta'in serves as the puppet ruler for six months before he returns to full time duty as the Caliph.
• May 16 – Gian Maria Visconti, the Duke of Milan since 1402, is assassinated in front of the church of San Gottardo in Milan by a party of Milanese Ghibellines on the orders of his terminally ill rival, Facino Cane. Visconti is stabbed in the leg and then in his head.^[44]. Filippo Maria Visconti, Gian Maria's son, becomes the new Duke of Milan.
• May 18 – The Treaty of Bourges is signed between King Henry IV of England and Charles, Duke of Orléans, as the Armagnacs offer England full sovereignty over Aquitaine and Gascony in return for 4,000 troops and military aid against the Burgundians and John the Fearless.^[45]
• May 23 – An-Nasir Faraj, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, is stabbed to death in Damascus after surrendering to the Emirs of Syria. Nawruz al-Hafizi becomes ruler of the Syrian provinces and Faraj's son Al-Musta'in is confirmed as ruler of the Egyptian territory.^[46]
• June 14 – The Antipope John XXIII signs an agreement with King Ladislaus of Naples, paying him 75,000 florins (262.5 kg or 9,375 oz. of gold), investing Ladislaus with the Neapolitan crown, and naming him as Gonfalonier of the Church within the Papal States. In return, King Ladislaus agrees to expel Pope Benedict XII from Naples and to recognize John as the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.^[47]
• June 24 – Compromise of Caspe: By a vote of nine delegates (three each from the Kingdom of Aragon, the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia), Ferdinand of Antequera is selected as the new King of Aragon and King of Sicily, after a two year succession crisis that arose from 1410 death of King Martin.^[48]
• June 28 – As the Compromise of Carpe is read aloud by Friar Vicent Ferrer before a crowd, Ferdinand I is proclaimed as the King of Aragon by the deleagates at Caspe.^[49]

• July 24 – Behnam Hadloyo becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin.^[50]
• August 14 – The Peace of Auxerre is signed between the Duchy of Burgundy and the Armagnacs, betrothing Philip, Count of Vertus, younger brother of the late Louis I, Duke of Orléans to marry Catherine of Burgundy, the daughter of John the Fearless. The marriage never takes place.
• August 24 – The Battle of Motta is fought when the Republic of Venice is forced to defend an invasion by n an invading army of Hungarians, Germans and Croats.Townsend, George Henry (1862). The manual of dates. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) The invading force suffers a heavy defeat, losing 1,300 killed and 400 others captured.^[51][52]
• September 3 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon is declared Count of Barcelona.

• October 5 – Emperor Go-Komatsu abdicates, and Emperor Shoko accedes to the throne of Japan.
• October 28 – Eric of Pomerania becomes sole ruler of the Kalmar Union (Sweden, Denmark and Norway), upon the death of Queen Margaret.^[53]
• November 6 – The rebel Emir Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh becomes the new Mamluk Sultan of Egypt by forcing the reigning Sultan Al-Musta'in, to abdicate. Shaykh allows Al-Musta'in to continue as Caliph of Cairo.^[46]
• November 8 – (5th waxing of Nadaw 774 ME) Ava–Hanthawaddy War: In what is now Myanmar, King Razadarit of [[Kingdom of Hanthawaddy|Hanthawaddy] leads the invasion of the city of Prome with 4,000 troops.^[54]
• December 1 – King Henry IV of England issues a summons of the English Parliament for his final time, directing the members of Commons and the House of Lords to asemble on February 3.
• December 18 – China's Yongle Emperor orders the fourth of the Ming treasure voyages, to be led by Admiral Zheng He.^[55]
• December – Battle of Chalagan: The Kara Koyunlu Turkomans defeat the Georgians under Constantine I of Georgia, and their ally Ibrahim I of Shirvan.

• The first mention is made of Wallachian knights competing in a jousting tournament, in Buda.
• John II of Castile declares the Valladolid laws, that restrict the social rights of Jews. Among many other restrictions, the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes, and deny them administrative positions.
• Years after its publication in the 14th century, the Ming Dynasty Chinese artillery officer Jiao Yu adds the preface to his classic book on gunpowder warfare, the Huolongjing.

• March 21 – Henry V becomes King of England following the death of his father Henry IV.^[56]
• July 5 – Battle of Çamurlu: Mehmed I defeats his brother Musa, ending the Ottoman Interregnum.
• August 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is chartered by papal bull.^[57]
• October 2 – The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło.
• October 12 – Tewodros I ascends the throne as Emperor of Ethiopia following the death of his father Dawit I

• Samogitia becomes the last region in Europe to be Christianized.^[58]
• The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty begin in Korea.

• January 7 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg becomes the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
• May 28 – Khizr Khan (Timur's governor of Multan) takes the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid Dynasty.
• June 23 – Yeshaq I, succeeds his brother Tewodros I as Emperor of Ethiopia
• August 6 – Joanna II succeeds her brother Ladislaus, as Queen of Naples.
• November 16 – The Council of Constance begins in order to end the western schism.

• Ernest, Duke of Austria (head of the Leopoldian line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia, according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke.
• Alien priory cells are suppressed in England.^[where?][59]
• The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Yongle Emperor of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).
• Durham School is founded as a grammar school in the city of Durham, England by Thomas Langley, Prince-Bishop of Durham; it continues in existence as an independent school 600 years later.

• April 30 – Frederick I becomes Elector of Brandenburg.
• June 5 – The Council of Constance condemns the writings of John Wycliffe and asks Jan Hus to recant in public his heresy; after his denial, he is tried for heresy, excommunicated, then sentenced to be burned at the stake.
• July 4 – Pope Gregory XII officially opens the Council of Constance, and then abdicates. He is the last pope to resign, until Pope Benedict XVI in 2013.
• July 6 – Jan Hus is burned at the stake in Konstanz.
• July 31 – Henry V of England is informed of the Southampton Plot against him; he has the leaders arrested and executed, before invading France.
• August 21 – Conquest of Ceuta: Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from the Moors, initiating the Portuguese Empire, and European expansion and colonialism.
• October 25 – Battle of Agincourt: Archers of Henry V of England are instrumental in defeating a massed army of French knights.^[60]

• Avignon Pope Benedict XIII orders all Talmuds to be delivered to the diocese, and held until further notice.
• The Swiss Confederation takes the territory of Aargau from the house of Habsburg.
• The Grand Canal of China is reinstated by this year after it had fallen out of use; restoration began in 1411, and was a response by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty to improve the grain shipment system of tribute traveling from south to north, towards his new capital at Beijing. With this action, the food supply crisis is solved by the end of the year.

• January 27 – The Republic of Ragusa is the first state in Europe to outlaw slavery.
• May 29 – Battle of Gallipoli: Venetian admiral Pietro Loredan destroys the Ottoman fleet.
• May 30 – The Catholic Church burns Jerome of Prague as a heretic.

• The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge (the longest arch bridge in the world at the time) is destroyed.
• The Hussite Bible is completed by Tamás Pécsi and Bálint Újlaki.

• June 29 – An English fleet, led by the Earl of Huntingdon, defeats a fleet of Genoese carracks and captures their admiral, the "Bastard of Bourbon".^[61]
• July 27 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII is deposed, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.
• August 12 – King Henry V of England begins using English in correspondence (back to England from France whilst on campaign), marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.
• September 20 – Henry V of England captures Caen, Normandy, which remains in English hands until 1450.
• November 14 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII (who abdicated in 1415), as the 206th pope.

• The earliest extant description of Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of the Isle of Man's parliament (Tynwald) is written down in law.^[62]
• The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, England when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings, between Hallowtide and Candlemas.
• Mircea cel Bătrân loses Dobruja to the Ottomans and pays them tribute, thus preventing Wallachia from becoming an Ottoman province.
• Chimalpopoca, son of Huitzilihuitl, succeeds his father as Tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City)^[63]

• January 31 – Mircea I of Wallachia is succeeded by Michael I of Wallachia.
• April 22 – The Council of Constance ends.^[64]
• May 29 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, captures Paris.

• July – The English Siege of Rouen begins.^[65]

• September 18 – King Taejong (r. 1400-1418) of the Joseon dynasty abdicates the throne. King Sejong ascends to the throne.

• João Gonçalves Zarco leads one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the Madeira Islands.

• January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, which brings Normandy under the control of England.^[66]
• June 20 – The Ōei Invasion of Tsushima Island, Japan by Joseon Korea begins.
• July 30 – The first Defenestration of Prague occurs in Bohemia.
• August – Siege of Ceuta: The Portuguese successfully defend off the invading Moroccans who attempt to retake the city of Ceuta.
• September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin.
• November – The Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty ends four years of conflict, by recognizing Venetian possessions in the Aegean and the Balkans.

• Portuguese sea captains João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, discover the Madeira Islands.
• The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.^[67]
• The Timurid ruler of Persia, Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404–1447), sends a large embassy to the court of the Yongle Emperor of China. One of the Persian envoys, Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, keeps a diary of his travels throughout China, which soon becomes widely known throughout Iranian and the Turkic Middle East, thanks to its inclusion into historical works by Hafiz-i Abru, and Abdur Razzaq. Naqqash writes about China's wealthy economy and huge urban markets, its efficient courier system as compared to that in Persia, the hospitality of his hosts at the courier stations in providing comfortable lodging and food, and the fine luxurious goods and craftsmanship of the Chinese.
• Mihail I defends Wallachia against the Ottomans, with Hungarian help.
• The final 41 treasure ships are built in the Nanjing shipyards, used in the expeditions of Zheng He.^[68]

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1410

• January 30 – William Calthorpe, English knight (d. 1494)^[69]
• July 14 – Arnold, Duke of Guelders, Duke of Guelders (1423–1465 and 1471–1473) (d. 1473)
• August 1 – John IV, Count of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1475) (d. 1475)
• date unknown
  • Masuccio Salernitano, Italian poet (d. 1475)
  • William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness (d. 1484)
• probable
  • Johannes Ockeghem, Dutch composer (d. 1497)^[70]
  • Ólöf Loftsdóttir, politically active Icelandic woman (d. 1479)
  • Conrad Paumann, German organist and composer (d. 1473)
  • Vecchietta, Sienese painter, sculptor and architect (d. 1480)

1411

• September 21 – Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (d. 1460)^[71]
• date unknown – Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (d. 1456)
• Margareta of Celje, Polish Duchess (d. 1480)

1412

• January 6 – Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint (tradition holds that she was born on the Feast of the Epiphany, but there is no documentary evidence) (d. 1431)
• January 26 – William IV, Lord of Egmont, IJsselstein, Schoonderwoerd and Haastrecht and Stadtholder of Guelders (d. 1483)
• April 22 – Reinhard III, Count of Hanau (1451–1452) (d. 1452)
• June 5 – Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (d. 1478)
• August 22 – Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and Margrave of Meissen (1428–1464) and Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445) (d. 1464)
• November 17 – Zanobi Strozzi, Italian painter (d. 1468)
• December 8 – Astorre II Manfredi, Italian noble (d. 1468)

1413

• February 24 – Louis, Duke of Savoy (d. 1465)
• September 8 – Catherine of Bologna, Italian cloistered nun (d. 1463)^[72]
• November 19 – Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1471)
• date unknown – Joanot Martorell, Spanish writer (d. 1468)

1414

• January 7 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Co-ruler of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1451) (d. 1451)^[73][74][75]
• March 25 – Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1455)
• May 11 – Francis I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1450)^[76]
• July 21 – Pope Sixtus IV (d. 1484)^[77]
• November 7 – Jami, Persian poet (d. 1492)
• November 9 – Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg, Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (d. 1486)
• date unknown
  • Charles I, Count of Nevers, Count of Nevers and Rethel (d. 1464)
• probable – Narsinh Mehta, poet-saint of Gujarat (d. 1481)

1415

• March 10 – Vasily II of Moscow, Grand Prince (d. 1462)
• March 14 – Wilhelm II, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen (d. 1444)
• May 3 – Cecily Neville, English duchess, mother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1495)
• September 12 – John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English magnate (d. 1461)^[78]
• September 16 – Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny, English baroness (d. 1448)
• September 21 – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1493)
• October 18 – Heinrich von Dissen, German theologian (d. 1484)
• November 26 – Han Myung-hoi, Korean politician (d. 1487)
• December 1 – Jan Długosz, Polish historian (d. 1480)
• date unknown
  • Benedetto Accolti, Italian jurist and historian (d. 1464)
  • Rennyo, Japanese Buddhist leader (d. 1499)
  • Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo, Lan Xang king (d. 1481)

1416

• February 26 – Christopher of Bavaria (d. 1448)
• March 27 – Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1480)
• March 28 – Jodha of Mandore, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1489)
• May 25 – Jakobus, nobleman from Lichtenberg in the northern part of Alsace (d. 1480)
• October 26 – Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent (d. 1490)
• date unknown
  • Benedetto Cotrugli, Ragusan/Croatian merchant, economist, scientist, diplomat and humanist (d. 1469)
  • Pal Engjëlli, Albanian Catholic clergyman (d. 1470)
  • Francis of Paola, founder of the Order of the Minims (d. 1507)
  • Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1469)
• probable – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, English duchess and countess (d. 1472)

1417

• February 23
  • Pope Paul II (d. 1471)^[79]
  • Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (1450–1479) (d. 1479)
• May 25 – Catherine of Cleves, Duchess consort regent of Guelders (d. 1479)
• June 19 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (d. 1468)
• November 8 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1458–1480) (d. 1480)
• November 19 – Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern from 1459 until 1480 (d. 1480)
• November 23 – William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1487)
• date unknown
  • Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, regent of Sweden 1457 and 1465–1466, archbishop of Uppsala 1448–1467
  • Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (d. 1487)

1418

• January 9 – Juan Ramón Folch III de Cardona, Aragonese admiral (d. 1485)
• March 14 – Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1429–1492) (d. 1492)
• April 20 – Earl David of Rookwood
• May 16 – John II of Cyprus, King of Cyprus and Armenia and also titular King of Jerusalem from 1432 to 1458 (d. 1458)
• August 5 – Malatesta Novello, Italian condottiero (d. 1465)
• September 24 – Anne of Cyprus, Italian noble (d. 1462)
• November 2 – Gaspare Nadi, Italian builder famous for his diary (diario) (d. 1504)
• November 20 – Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley, Lord of Morley Saint Botolph (d. 1442)
• December 8 – Queen Jeonghui, Queen consort of Korea (d. 1483)
• December 12 – Archduke Albert VI of Austria (d. 1463)
• date unknown – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1457)
  • Isotta Nogarola, Italian writer and intellectual (d. 1466)

1419

• February – Abu 'Amr 'Uthman, Hafsid caliph of Ifriqiya (d. 1488)
• February 16 – John I, Duke of Cleves (d. 1481)
• March 24 – Ginevra d'Este (d. 1440)
• June 24 – John of Sahagún, Spanish Augustinian friar, priest and saint (d. 1479)
• July 10 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)
• November 1 – Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1485)
• date unknown
  • Abd al-Haqq II, last Marinid Sultan of Morocco (d. 1465)
  • Barbara Fugger, German banker (d. 1497)

1410

• March 5 – Matthew of Kraków, Polish reformer (b. 1335)^[80]
• March 16 – John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (b. 1373)^[81]
• May 3 – Antipope Alexander V, (b. 1339)^[82]
• May 18 – Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (b. 1352)
• May 31 – Martin of Aragon (b. 1356)
• July 15 – Ulrich von Jungingen, German Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (in battle) (b. 1360)
• August – Matthew I of Constantinople
• August 10 – Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1337)
• date unknown
  • Margareta Dume, influential Swedish-Finnish noble
  • John Badby, English martyr

1411

• January 18 – Jobst of Moravia, ruler of Moravia, King of the Romans
• February 6 – Esau de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Epirus
• June 3 –Leopold IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1371)
• September – Anne de Mortimer, Countess of Cambridge (b. 1390)
• November 4 – Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (b. 1384)
• probable – Hasdai Crescas, Jewish philosopher

1412

• March – Albrekt of Mecklenburg, king of Sweden 1364–1389 (b. 1336)
• April 2 – Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, Castilian traveller and writer
• May 16 – Gian Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan
• August 6 – Margherita of Durazzo, Queen consort of Charles III of Naples (b. 1347)
• September 14 – Ingegerd Knutsdotter, Swedish abbess (b. 1356)
• October 28 – Margaret I of Denmark, queen regnant of Denmark of Norway since 1387 and of Sweden since 1389 (b. 1353)^[83]
• date unknown – Ignatius Abraham bar Garib, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin^[84]
• date unknown – Jalal ad-Din khan, khan of the Golden Horde

1413

• January 25 – Maud de Ufford, Countess of Oxford (b. 1345)
• March 20 – Henry IV of England (b. 1367)
• July 5 – Musa Çelebi, Ottoman prince and co-ruler of the Ottoman Empire
• September 26 – Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1337)
• October 6 – Dawit I of Ethiopia (b. 1382)
• December 26 – Michele Steno, Doge of Venice (b. 1331)

1414

• February 19 – Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1353)
• March 28 – Jeanne-Marie de Maille, French Roman Catholic saint (b. 1331)
• June 23 – Tewodros I, Emperor of Ethiopia
• August 6 – King Ladislaus of Naples (b. 1377)
• September 1 – William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (b. 1369)
• date unknown
  • Fairuzabadi, Persian lexicographer (b. 1329)
  • Ali ibn Mohammed al-Jurjani, Persian encyclopaedic writer (b. 1339)
  • John I Stanley of the Isle of Man, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, King of the Isle of Man (b. 1350)
• probable – Zyndram of Maszkowice, Polish 14th- and 15th-century knight (b. 1355)

1415

• April 15 – Manuel Chrysoloras, Greek humanist
• July 6 – Jan Hus, Bohemian reformer (burned at the stake) (b. 1369)
• July 19 – Philippa of Lancaster, queen of John I of Portugal (plague) (b. 1359)
• August 2 – Thomas Grey, conspirator against King Henry V (executed) (b. 1384)
• August 5
  • Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (executed) (b. 1375)
  • Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham (executed) (b. 1370)
• September 17 – Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (killed in battle) (b. 1367)
• October 13 – Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (b. 1381)
• October 25 (killed in Battle of Agincourt)
  • John I of Alençon (b. 1385)
  • Charles d'Albret, Count of Dreux and Constable of France
  • Antoine, Duke of Brabant (b. 1384)
  • Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk (b. 1394)
  • Frederick of Lorraine, Count of Vaudémont (b. 1371)
  • Philip II, Count of Nevers (b. 1389)
  • Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (b. 1373)
  • Dafydd Gam, Welsh nobleman (b. c. 1380)^[85]

1416

• February 2 – Racek Kobyla of Dvorce, Bohemian Hetman and Burgrave.
• February 27 – Eleanor of Castile, queen consort of Navarre (b. c. 1363)
• April 2 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon (b. 1379)^[86]
• May 21 – Anna of Celje, queen consort of Poland (b. c. 1381)
• May 30 – Jerome of Prague, Czech theologian (executed) (b. 1379)
• June 15 – John, Duke of Berry, son of John II of France (b. 1340)
• September 4 – John I, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count^[87]
• October 1 – Yaqub Spata, lord of Arta
• October 14 – Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
• December 29 – Mathew Swetenham, bowbearer of Henry IV
• date unknown – The Limbourg brothers, painters of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.
• probable
  • Owain Glyndŵr, Welsh prince and leader of the Welsh Revolt
  • Julian of Norwich, English anchoress, mystic and author

1417

• January – Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (b. 1357)
• March 5 – Manuel III Megas Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond (b. 1364)
• April 29 – Louis II of Anjou (b. 1377)
• May 31 – William II, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1365)
• September 4 – Robert Hallam, English Catholic bishop
• September 22 – Anne of Auvergne, Sovereign Dauphine of Auvergne and Countess of Forez (b. 1358)^[88]
• September 26 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (b. 1360)
• October 18 – Pope Gregory XII (b. c. 1325)^[89]
• November 17 – Gazi Evrenos, Ottoman general (b. 1288)
• December 14 – John Oldcastle, English Lollard leader (executed)^[90]
• probable – Huitzilíhuitl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan^[63]

1418

• January 31 – Mircea I of Wallachia, ruler of Wallachia (b. 1355)
• March 22 – Dietrich of Nieheim, German historian
• June 2 – Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile
• June 12 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)
• November 25 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (b. 1401)
• December 11 – Louis of Piedmont (b. 1364)
• date unknown
  • Ixtlilxochitl I, ruler of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, and ally of the Aztecs.^[91]
  • Foelke Kampana, Frisian lady and regent (b. 1355)

1419

• April 5 – Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (b. 1350)
• August 16 – Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (b. 1361)
• September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (assassinated) (b. 1371)
• December 17 – William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England
• December 22 – Antipope John XXIII
• date unknown
  • Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (b. 1357)^[92]
  • Stella de’ Tolomei, Italian courtier