View text source at Wikipedia

2011 Nobel Prizes

The 2011 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.[1]

Nobel Week took place from December 6 to 12, including programming such as lectures, dialogues, and discussions. The award ceremony and banquet for the Peace Prize were scheduled in Oslo on December 10, while the award ceremony and banquet for all other categories were scheduled for the same day in Stockholm.[2][3]

Prizes

[edit]

Physics

[edit]
Awardee(s)
Saul Perlmutter

(b. 1959)

American "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" [4]
Brian P. Schmidt

(b. 1967)

Australian
Adam G. Riess

(b. 1969)

American

Chemistry

[edit]
Awardee(s)
Dan Shechtman

(b. 1941)

Israeli

American

"for the discovery of quasicrystals" [5]

Physiology or Medicine

[edit]
Awardee(s)
Bruce A. Beutler

(b. 1957)

 United States "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" [6]
Jules A. Hoffmann

(b. 1941)

 France
Ralph M. Steinman

(1943–2011)

 Canada "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously)[7][8]

Literature

[edit]
Main article: 2011 Nobel Prize in Literature
Awardee(s)
Tomas Tranströmer

(1931–2015)

 Sweden "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality" [9]

Peace

[edit]
Main article: 2011 Nobel Peace Prize
Awardee(s)
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

(born 1938)

 Liberia "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work." [10]
Leymah Gbowee

(born 1972)

Tawakkul Karman

(born 1979)

 Yemen

Economic Sciences

[edit]
Awardee(s)
Thomas J. Sargent

(b. 1943)

 United States "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy" [11]
Christopher A. Sims

(b. 1942)

Controversies

[edit]

Physiology or Medicine

[edit]

Steinman passed away from cancer shortly before the awards ceremony, creating a technical complication for the Nobel Foundation regarding its policy of prohibiting posthumous awards. Ultimately, the committee ruled that Steinman's naming as a recipient prior to his death resolved the posthumous question.[12]

Over 20 immunologists, in an open letter published in Nature, applauded the foundation's recognition of "the field of innate immunity" but lamented the lack of acknowledgement for scientists Charles Janeway and Ruslan Medzhitov whose discoveries constituted a "Nobel-standard breakthrough" in regards to said field.[13]

Hoffman's awarding was questioned by Bruce Lemaitre, a scientist who worked in Hoffman's lab in the nineties during the course of Hoffman's immunology research. On a website launched after the award's announcement, Lemaitre claimed that he himself did much of the work on immunity while Hoffman was originally uninterested in his project and later "inappropriately" took credit for it as a group effort.[14]

Peace

[edit]

Many questioned Sirleaf's awarding of the Peace Prize, pointing to her record as a head of state involving violent and corrupt leadership, as well as her past affiliation to Charles Taylor prior to her tenure as president.[15] Fellow laureate, Gbowee, also criticized Sirleaf's administration on similar lines.[16] However, others pushed back against said criticisms, stating that her advocacy of women's rights in Liberia has still been groundbreaking and influential.[17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "2011 Nobel Prize Winners Announced". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  2. ^ Royen, Ulrika (2013-06-01). "Video - The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony 2011". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  3. ^ Royen, Ulrika (2013-06-01). "Video - The 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  5. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  6. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
  7. ^ "Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate". The Nobel Foundation. 3 October 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  8. ^ Sample, Ian (3 October 2011). "Nobel prize to be awarded to dead scientist". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2011. The Nobel foundation concluded that the award should stand, saying: "The Nobel prize to Ralph Steinman was made in good faith, based on the assumption that the Nobel laureate was alive."
  9. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  10. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  11. ^ "The Prize in Economic Sciences  2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
  12. ^ Stefanie Ilgenfritz (3 October 2011). "A Posthumous Nobel for Medicine?" The Wall Street Journal.
  13. ^ Allison, James P.; Benoist, Christophe; Chervonsky, Alexander V. (2011). "Nobels: Toll pioneers deserve recognition". Nature. 479 (7372): 178. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..178A. doi:10.1038/479178a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 22071753.
  14. ^ "Nobel Prize for Immunologists Provokes Yet Another Debate". www.science.org. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  15. ^ "Liberia's 'Iron Lady' Peace Prize Stirs Controversy". Voice of America. 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  16. ^ Allison, Simon (2012-10-10). "Fellow Nobel peace prize winner criticises Ellen Johnson Sirleaf". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  17. ^ Cheng, Christine. "Sirleaf: A controversial laureate?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-12-10.