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All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club

All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club
NicknameAll England Club
Established23 July 1868; 156 years ago (1868-07-23)
Legal statusPrivate company limited by guarantee
HeadquartersChurch Road, Wimbledon, London, SW19 5AE
Location
  • England
Membership565[1] (2017[1])
Patron
The Princess of Wales
Chief Executive
Sally Bolton
Chair of the Board
Debbie Jevans
Sally Ambrose, Richard Baker, Anne Keothavong, The Lord O'Donnell, Kevin Havelock, Tim Henman, Debbie Jevans, Simon Jones, Richard Stoakes, Ashley Tatum, The Hon Henry Weatherill.
Formerly called
All England Croquet Club
All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club

The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club[2] (AELTC), also known as the All England Club,[3] based at Church Road, Wimbledon, London, England, is a private members' club. It is best known as the venue for the Wimbledon Championships, the only Grand Slam tennis event still held on grass. Initially an amateur event that occupied club members and their friends for a few days each summer, the championships have become far more prominent than the club itself.

The club has 375 full members, about 100 temporary playing members, and a number of honorary members. To become a full or temporary member, an applicant must obtain letters of support from four existing full members, two of whom must have known the applicant for at least three years. The name is then added to the candidates' list. Honorary members are elected from time to time by the club's committee. Membership carries with it the right to purchase two tickets for each day of the Wimbledon Championships. In addition to this all champions are invited to become members.[4]

Catherine, Princess of Wales, has been the patron of the club since 2016 (then the Duchess of Cambridge) when the then monarch Elizabeth II stepped back from a number of royal patronages.[5]

History

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The club was founded by six gentlemen[a] at the offices of The Field on 23 July 1868 at the height of a croquet craze[6] as the All England Croquet Club, and held its first croquet competition in 1870. Its original ground was situated off Worple Road, Wimbledon. Croquet was very popular there until the then-infant sport of lawn tennis (a game introduced by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so prior, and originally called Sphairistikè) was introduced in 1875,[7] when one lawn was set aside for this purpose.[8] The first tennis gentlemen's championship in singles was held in July 1877, when the club changed its name to The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club. That year at Wimbledon service was underarm. The champion, Spencer Gore, opined that "Lawn tennis will never rank among our great games."[9] In 1878 the height of the net was altered to 4 feet 9 inches (1.45 m) at the posts and 3 feet (0.91 m) at the centre.[10] In 1882, croquet was dropped from the name, as tennis had become the main activity of the club. But in 1899 it was restored to the club's name for sentimental reasons, and the club's name became The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club.

Finals of the Ladies' lawn tennis singles tournament at the 1908 Olympics, at the club

In 1884, the club added Ladies' Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles, and then in 1913 Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles.[11] For the 1908 Summer Olympics, the venue hosted the Grass Courts tennis events.[12] The early club colours were found to be almost identical to those of the Royal Marines, so they were changed in 1909 to the present club colours of dark green and purple.[13] The popularity of Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen was largely responsible for forcing the club to move to larger grounds at its present site in Church Road, Wimbledon, in 1922,[14] where its first championship was "plagued by rain each day".[15]

Centre Court, Wimbledon (before the retractable roof was installed)

The current Centre Court dates from that year. It has been improved and extended on several occasions. Most recently a sliding roof was added in time for the 2009 Championships. In 1924 the old No.1 Court opened on the west side of Centre Court. During World War II The Championships were suspended but the club remained open with a much smaller staff, and was used for fire and ambulance services, British Home Guard, and a decontamination unit, and troops stationed nearby drilled on the main concourse. At 5:20 p.m. on 11 October 1940, five 50-pound German bombs struck the grounds, demolishing 1,200 seats in Centre Court.[16] The old No.1 Court was replaced with the current No.1 Court in 1997, and the Broadcast Centre was built at the same time. Shortly afterwards, the Millennium Building, which houses facilities for players, press, officials and members, was built on the site of the old No.1 Court.

People sitting on Aorangi terrace, better known as Henman Hill, watching main matches on the large screen

The Church Road site initially extended only as far north as Centre Court. In 1967 the All England Club purchased 11 acres (4.5 ha) to the north. This was leased to the New Zealand Sports and Social Club and became known as Aorangi Park (Aorangi means "Cloud Piercer", and is the Māori part of Aoraki / Mount Cook; "Aorangi" is the standard Māori spelling and "Aoraki" is used in the Māori dialect in the vicinity of the mountain). It is most commonly known as "Henman Hill" because of the popularity of former British tennis player Tim Henman. Initially the only use that the All England Club itself made of this new land was for car parking during The Championships, but in 1981 the New Zealanders' lease was terminated, and the club has developed most of the area for its own purposes.

The All England Club, through its subsidiary The All England Lawn Tennis Ground plc, issues debentures to tennis fans every five years to raise funds for capital expenditure.[17] The original debentures were issued in 1920. Each debenture provides a pair of tickets for each day of the tournament for five years. Only debenture holders are legally permitted to sell on their tickets to third parties.

In 2011, the club established another subsidiary, The All England Lawn Tennis Club (Championships) Limited, trading as AELTC, and transferred all of its assets relating to The Championships to that entity on 1 August of that year. Since that time, the club's activities have been conducted separately from those of The Championships.[18]

The club was the venue for the tennis event at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[19][20]

In June 2020, Wimbledon was cancelled for the first time since World War II due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Wimbledon was cancelled several times during the wars: in World War I between 1915 and 1918 and World War II between 1940 and 1945.

From June 2022, Wimbledon was played on a Sunday for the first time since 2016, as a replacement for the traditional rest day.

In July 2023, Debbie Jevans became the first chairwoman of the board, succeeding Ian Hewitt at the end of the 2023 Wimbledon Championships.

1913 suffragette terror attack

[edit]
See also: Suffragette bombing and arson campaign

A failed attempt was made to destroy the grounds in 1913, as part of the suffragette bombing and arson campaign. During the years before the First World War, suffragettes, as part of their campaign for women's votes, carried out politically motivated arson and bombings across the country.[21] On 27 February 1913, a suffragette woman "between the ages of 30–35" was arrested within the grounds, after being spotted by a groundsman climbing over a hedge at around midnight.[22] She was found to have on her paraffin and wood shavings, for the purpose of setting fires in the grounds.[22] The woman refused to give her name or any information and was later sentenced to two months' imprisonment.[22]

Facilities

[edit]
Audio description of the club by Lady Cobham
Aerial view of the grounds in 2022

The club currently has 18 tournament grass courts, eight American clay courts, two acrylic courts, and six indoor courts. There are also 22 Aorangi Park grass courts, which serve as competitors' practice courts before and during The Championships. The grass courts can be used from May until September. The grass has been cut to 8 mm since 1995, and 100% perennial ryegrass has been used for its strength since 2001 (prior to that, it was 70% perennial rye and 30% creeping red fescue).[23][24] The courts are renovated in September, using nine tons of grass seed annually.[25]

The largest court is Centre Court, which hosts the finals of the main singles and doubles events at The Championships. There is an inscription above the entryway to Centre Court which reads "If you can meet with triumph and disaster / And treat those two impostors just the same" – lines from Rudyard Kipling's poem If—. This court also served as the main venue for the tennis events at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Initially, the courts were arranged in such a way that the principal court was situated in the middle with the others arranged around it; hence the title "Centre Court".[26]

Centre Court with its retractable folding concertina roof

The present Centre Court, built in 1922 upon the move of the club, was not actually in the centre at the time it was built, but as new courts were added in later years it became a more accurate description. It currently seats 15,000 – expanded from 14,000 following redevelopment in 2007–08 (spatially, the expansion is greater than those numbers imply, as seats have been widened), and (as of 2009) is the fourth-largest tennis stadium in the world.[27] The Club installed a retractable roof on Centre Court which was completed in May 2009. It is a "folding concertina" made of 5,200 square metres of a translucent waterproof fabric that allows natural light to reach the grass, and opens or closes in under 10 minutes.[28] Redevelopment work commenced in 2006, and Centre Court had no roof at all in place for the duration of the 2007 Championships.

No. 1 Court (before the retractable roof was installed in 2019)

The other "show court" is No.1 Court, built in 1997, which holds around 11,500 people and occasionally plays host to Davis Cup matches (Centre Court usually being reserved for the Wimbledon Championships). It has been fitted with a retractable roof similar to Centre Court and was unveiled at a special ceremony on 19 May 2019.[29]

A new No.2 Court with 4,000 seats was first used at the 2009 Championships. The old No.2 Court was renamed No.3 Court in 2009, and was rebuilt after the 2009 Championships. The grounds underwent major renovation as part of the Wimbledon Master Plan.[30]

In December 2018 the club agreed a £65 million compensation package with the members of the adjacent Wimbledon Park Golf Club to cut short their lease on the ground in order to expand.[31] In September 2024, planning permission was granted for the expansion plans which include 39 new tennis courts.[32]

The club also houses the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum.

The Championships

[edit]
Main article: Wimbledon Championships

Among the features that differentiate The Wimbledon Championships from the other Grand Slams are that they are played on grass courts, they require the players to wear white, and until 2021, the middle Sunday was a day off (though sometimes – in 1991, 1997, 2004 and 2016 – poor weather meant play needed to take place). Balls were also white until 1986.[33] The winner of the Gentlemen's singles at The Championships receives a gold trophy inscribed with the words: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[34]

The Championships attract attendance of around 450,000 people. Ninety per cent of the financial surplus that the Club generates from running The Championships is used to develop tennis in Great Britain; between 1998 and 2016 the surplus ranged from £25–40 million per year.[35] The Championships are run by a Committee of Management that consists of 12 club members and seven nominees of The Lawn Tennis Association (LTA).

In 2003, a long-standing tradition of Centre Court players bowing or curtseying to the Royal Box was discontinued by order of the Duke of Kent, with the exception of the Queen or the Prince of Wales's attendance.[36] Andy Murray and Jarkko Nieminen elected to bow when the Queen visited The Championships for their 2010 second round match, as did Roger Federer and Fabio Fognini at their second round match, watched by the Prince of Wales, in 2012.[37] In December 2016, it was announced that the then Duchess of Cambridge would succeed the Queen as Patron of The AELTC and The Championships, effective January 2017.

Controversies

[edit]

Black players were not allowed to play at the club until 1951, and Jews were not admitted until 1952.[citation needed][38] According to Angela Buxton, the Jewish former British Wimbledon doubles champion, it also has led to her exclusion.[39] Buxton said in 2004, reflecting on the fact that the All England Club, almost 50 years after Buxton's 1956 Wimbledon triumph with Althea Gibson, had still not invited Buxton to join: "I think the anti-Semitism is still there. The mere fact that I'm not a member is a full sentence that speaks for itself." Buxton told New York Post reporter Marc Berman that she had been on the "waiting list" since she applied in the 1950s.[40] "I wish it still wasn't such an elite sport," Buxton told Berman. "I wish we could bring it down to a common baseline. It's going that way. It's still not there."[41][42][43]

In 2006, Chairman Tim Phillips said that paying men and women equal prize money at The Championships was something they "fundamentally don't think would be fair on the men" (due to men playing best-of-five sets, and women only best-of-three). The Championships introduced equal prize money the following year.[44]

Arms

[edit]
Coat of arms of All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club
Notes
Granted 23 April 1993 by Colin Cole.[45]
Crest
Two arms embowed vested Argent the hands Proper holding aloft a representation of the Gentlemen's Singles Wimbledon Championship Trophy Gold.
Torse
Argent and Vert
Escutcheon
Argent five pallets Vert over all on a pile issuing from the dexter chief throughout Purpure a roundel Or thereon a bendlet sinister nebuly of one undulation upwards Purpure .
Supporters
Two lions salient reguardant per fess Vert and Purpure semy of roundels Argent langued Purpure.
Compartment
The surface of a lawn tennis court.
Badge
On a roundel Vert two tennis rackets in saltire in base an annulet Argent.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The gentlemen were John H. Walsh, Captain R. F. Dalton, John Hinde Hale, the Rev. A. Law, S. H. Clarke Maddock, and Walter Jones Whitmore. Walsh, the magazine's editor, was the chairman of the meeting. Whitmore and Maddock were appointed honorary secretary and treasurer respectively.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Want To Become A Wimbledon Member? Win It (Or Marry A Prince)". Forbes. 18 June 2017. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  2. ^ "About the AELTC". www.wimbledon.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  3. ^ Andreff, Wladimire, and Szymański, Stefan, "Handbook on the economics of sport" Archived 14 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Edward Elgar Publishing (2006), ISBN 1-84376-608-6, ISBN 978-1-84376-608-7
  4. ^ "The All England Lawn Tennis Club," Wimbledon.org, accessed 29 June 2009 Archived 12 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Rayner, Gordon (27 December 2016). "Duke and Duchess of Cambridge set to move back to London as they eye new schools and Prince considers giving up career as helicopter pilot". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017.
  6. ^ "Anyone for a game of sphairistiké?" Archived 5 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine 41, The Northern Echo, 27 June 2009, accessed 8 July 2009
  7. ^ "A Brief History of Wimbledon" [permanent dead link‍], The Times of India, 19 June 2008, accessed 8 July 2009
  8. ^ Albert, Jim; Ruud, H. Koning (2007), Statistical Thinking in Sports, CRC Press, p. 217, ISBN 978-1-58488-868-0, archived from the original on 28 August 2021, retrieved 5 December 2019.
  9. ^ Siddons, Larry (21 June 1986), A Rich History to Celebrate, The Free-Lance Star, retrieved 8 July 2009[permanent dead link‍].
  10. ^ Wrangham Wilberforce, Herbert William (1908), Hillyard "Lawn tennis", G. Bell, p. 5, archived from the original on 27 August 2021, retrieved 5 December 2019.
  11. ^ "About Wimbledon Championships" Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, China Radio International English, 17 June 2005, accessed 8 July 2009.
  12. ^ Summer Olympics official report (PDF), LA84 Foundation, 1908, p. 209, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007.
  13. ^ "Club Colours", Behind the scenes, About, Wimbledon, archived from the original on 12 June 2009, retrieved 14 July 2009.
  14. ^ "Women's fashion hits the courts" Archived 5 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 19 June 1998, accessed 8 July 2009
  15. ^ Worrall, Simon (7 August 1998). "Mice and Mist and Mirthlessness Mix at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club". Salon. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  16. ^ [dead link‍] About Wimbledon – History – Wartime Wimbledon," Archived 17 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Wimbledon.org, accessed 7 October 2009
  17. ^ "About Wimbledon Debentures," Archived 23 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine The All England Lawn Tennis Ground, accessed 29 June 2009
  18. ^ "About the AELTC". The All England Lawn Tennis & Croquet Club. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  19. ^ "Olympics", About, Wimbledon, archived from the original on 19 December 2008.
  20. ^ Wimbledon, London2012, archived from the original on 16 September 2010, retrieved 29 September 2010.
  21. ^ "Suffragettes, violence and militancy". British Library. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  22. ^ a b c Kay, Joyce (2008). "It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 25 (10): 1342. doi:10.1080/09523360802212271. S2CID 154063364. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  23. ^ Bletchly, Rachael (24 June 2007), The Wonders of Wimbledon Fortnight, People, archived from the original on 18 February 2012, retrieved 8 July 2009.
  24. ^ "Grass Courts" (PDF), The Championships, Wimbledon, 2009, archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2012, retrieved 15 July 2009.
  25. ^ "Grass courts". About the grass courts at Wimbledon. 2019. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  26. ^ "The Beginning", About, Wimbledon, 2009, archived from the original on 17 June 2009, retrieved 7 October 2009.
  27. ^ "Wimbledon Championships" Archived 17 June 2012 at Wikiwix, Bleacher Report, 29 June 2009, accessed 8 July 2009
  28. ^ "How the roof works", Behind the scenes, About Wimbledon, Wimbledon, 2009, archived from the original on 16 June 2012, retrieved 29 June 2009.
  29. ^ "Wimbledon prize money up 40% and roof planned for Court One". BBC Sport. BBC. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  30. ^ Ensor, Josie (23 April 2013). "Wimbledon to see one of the biggest revamps in its history". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017.
  31. ^ "Wimbledon set to expand after golf agrees to sell". Reuters. 13 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  32. ^ "Controversial Wimbledon expansion plan approved". BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  33. ^ Fendrich, Howard (21 June 2009), Like Federer, Venus seeks sixth Wimbledon title, The Canadian Press, retrieved 8 July 2009[dead link‍].
  34. ^ Rigby, Christopher (2004), 1000 Facts on Sport, Miles Kelly Publishing, p. 136, ISBN 978-1-84236-397-3, archived from the original on 28 August 2021, retrieved 5 December 2019
  35. ^ "Finance" (PDF), The Championships, Wimbledon, 2009, archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2012, retrieved 15 July 2009.
  36. ^ Parsons, John; Davies, Caroline (30 April 2003). "Wimbledon abandons the Royal Box curtsey". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2009..
  37. ^ "Roger Federer advances to 3rd round". ESPN. 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  38. ^ Siriginia, Saraswathi, "Wimbledon Rewind: How Angela Buxton and Althea Gibson Broke Barriers in 1956," [permanent dead link‍] Bleacher Report, 16 June 2009, accessed 29 June 2009 [dead link‍]
  39. ^ Hoye, Russell, Smith, Aaron, Nicholson, Natthew, Stewart, Bob, and Westerbeek, Hans, "Sport Management-principles and applications: Case Study: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and the Wimbledon Tennis Championship" Archived 30 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 197, Butterworth-Heinemann (2009), ISBN 0-7506-8755-X, ISBN 978-0-7506-8755-3
  40. ^ Schoenfeld, Bruce, "The Match: Althea Gibson & Angela Buxton: How Two Outsiders—One Black, the Other Jewish—Forged a Friendship and Made Sports History" (2004), pp. 279–80, Amistad, ISBN 0-06-052652-1, ISBN 978-0-06-052652-8
  41. ^ Buxton, Angela, Jews in Sports, archived from the original on 28 February 2009, retrieved 29 June 2009
  42. ^ Slater, Robert (2005), Great Jews in Sports, Jonathan David Publishers, ISBN 978-0-8246-0453-0, archived from the original on 30 August 2021, retrieved 27 September 2016.
  43. ^ Giles, Juanita (26 February 2009), No Jews allowed: UAE bows to "neighborhood" pressure, The Hook, archived from the original on 29 March 2009, retrieved 29 June 2009.
  44. ^ "Wimbledon serves up equal pay for women" Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Times, 23 February 2007, accessed 8 July 2009
  45. ^ "Wimbledon". Guy Selvester. 7 July 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
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