Anuta language

11°37′S 169°51′E / 11.61°S 169.85°E / -11.61; 169.85

Anuta
Native to	Solomon Islands
Region	Anuta Island
Native speakers	(270 cited 1999)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Polynesian Futunic Anuta
Language codes
ISO 639-3	aud
Glottolog	anut1237
ELP	Anuta

The Anuta language (or Anutan, locally te taranga paka-Anuta) is a Polynesian Outlier language from the island of Anuta in the Solomon Islands. It is closely related to the Tikopia language of the neighboring island of Tikopia, and it bears significant cultural influence from the island. The two languages have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, although Anutans can understand Tikopians better than the reverse.^[2]: 6

Anuta is generally regarded as Nuclear Polynesian language, although it bears considerable Tongic influence.^[3]

In 1977, Richard Feinberg published a two-volume dictionary and basic grammar of the language.

Anuta has an extremely small consonant inventory. This is as a result of several phoneme mergers such as /f/ with /p/ and /s/ with /t/.^[2]: 8

• fafine → papine (women, female)
• vasa → vata (open sea, ocean)
• lahi → rai (big) ^[4]

The allophonic variation is one of the Tikopian influences.^[4]

Consonants^[2]: 8

	Labial	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal	m	n	ŋ
Plosive	p	t ~ s	k
Fricative	v ~ w
Liquid		l ~ ɾ

Vowels have a short and long form.^[2]: 12 The length of a vowel makes a difference in phonetics and meaning in Polynesian languages, and may be written with vowel gemination ⟨aa⟩ or with a macron above ⟨ā⟩.^[5]

• matua (husband) vs. maatua (elderly person) vs. maatuaa (parent)
• taŋata (man) vs. taaŋata (men) vs. taŋaata (brother-in-law)

In other times, long vowels are to emphasis.^[5]

• maatea (great, extreme) → maaatea

Vowels^[2]: 12

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open		a

The stress in Anutan normally falls on the first syllable.^[4]

The ākamana Polynesian syllabary for Anutan appears like this:

	a	e	i	o	u
a	ā	ē	ī	ō	ū
k	ka	ke	ki	ko	ku
m	ma	me	mi	mo	mu
n	na	ne	ni	no	nu
ŋ	ŋa	ŋe	ŋi	ŋo	ŋu
p	pa	pe	pi	po	pu
r	ra	re	ri	ro	ru
t	ta	te	ti	to	tu
v	va	ve	vi	vo	vu

• ⟨ŋ⟩ may be substituted by either ⟨ng⟩ or ⟨g⟩ for typographical reasons.

Anuta shows many morphological similarities with Futunic languages and are related to Polynesian morphology.^[4]

Anuta follows the word order SVO.^[4] PAV (patient-verb-agent) ergative constructions are also common.

Anuta distinguishes personal pronouns into 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person and single, dual, and plural.^[2] Dual and plural 1st person are separated into exclusive and inclusive categories which depends on the words placement in the sentence.

2nd person pronouns should always be attached with either the particles ko, e, mo, or te.

When the pronoun is standing alone, usually in a response of a question, it is attached with the particle ko.^[2]

• Mea ko ai? ("who is it?")
• Ko au ("it is I")

Personal Pronouns^[2]

		singular	dual	plural
1st person	exclusive	au, kau	maaua, ma	matou, matou
	inclusive		taaua, ta	tatou, tou
2nd person		koe, ke	korua, koru	kotou, kotou
3rd person		ia, ei, na	naaua, na	natou, natou

Similar to personal pronouns, possessive pronouns are divided into 1st, 2nd and 3rd person, single, dual and plural. Dual and plural also being separated into exclusive and inclusive. However, whether the object is singular or plural will change the singular form of the pronouns.^[2]

Possessive Pronouns^[2]

		singular		dual	plural
		singular object	plural object
1st person	exclusive	toku, taku	oku, aku	ma, o maaua	matou, o matou
	inclusive			ta, o taaua	tatou, o tatou
2nd person		tou, tau	ou, au	koru, o korua	kotou, o kotou
3rd person		tona, tana, na	ona, ana	na, o naaua	natou, o natou

Two ways of possessive construction. One, the possessive pronoun is directly attached to the object or two, directly attached to the dual or plural forms.

In singular possessive pronouns, when the object changes from singular to plural the /t/ drops.^[2]

• Toku taina ("my brother) → Oku taina ("my brothers")
• Tou topi ("your garden") → Ou topi ("your gardens")

Any of the verbs in Anutan can be used as a noun by attaching "te".

Tense markers:

• infinitive = ke
• future = ka
• present = e
• past indicative = ne
• perfect = ku

These tense markers may be attached to verbs without personal pronouns.^[2] Usually placed between the noun and the verb.

If time is unimportant in the context of the sentence, tense markers will be dropped.

Numbers in Anuta are usually with tense markers.^[2]

Anutan use decimal counting systems. Tens use the same unit term pua making 'twenty' pua rua, 'thirty' pua toru and so forth. After tens, the number indicated in the tens are marked with maa meaning 'and'. Eleven would be puangapuru maa tai meaning 'ten and one'. The same goes for twenty's, thirty's, etc.^[2]

If the object of counting are humans the word toko will be placed in front of the number if it is enumerated.^[2]

• Te tangata e tai = One man
• Nga tangata e toko rua = two men

Counting fish would be marked with mata but is limited to ten or more.^[2]

• Te ika e matangapuru = Ten fish
• Te ika e mata nima maa iva = Fifty-nine fish

Anuta	English
tai	one
rua	two
toru	three
pa	four
nima	five
ono	six
pitu	seven
varu	eight
iva	nine
puangapuru	ten
puangapuru maa tai	eleven
puangapuru maa rua	twelve
pua rua	twenty
pua toru	thirty
(e) pua te rau	hundred
(e) ape/te ape e tai	one thousand
(e) mano/te mano e tai

A 200-word word list is available at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database.^[6]

• Feinberg, Richard. 1977. The Anutan Language Reconsidered: Lexicon and Grammar of a Polynesian Outlier. Two Volumes. HRAFlex Books. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press.