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Badaga language

Badaga
படக, ಬಡಗ, ബഡഗ
Native toIndia
RegionThe Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu
EthnicityBadaga
Native speakers
134,000 (2011 census)[1]
Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam
Language codes
ISO 639-3bfq
Glottologbada1257
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Badaga is a southern Dravidian language spoken by the Badaga people of the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. The language is closely related to the Kannada language with heavy influence from the Tamil language.[2] Of all the tribal languages spoken in Nilgiris (Badaga, Toda language, Kota language (India)), Badaga is the most spoken language.

Origins

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Badaga, like modern Kannada, likely originates from Old Kannada. This is suggested by the fact that Badaga shares many common features with modern Kannada. One such feature shared by both Badaga and Kannada is initial /h/ where other Dravidian languages, and Old Kannada, have an initial /p/, a process which began around the 13th century.[3]

Phonology

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Badaga has five vowel qualities, /i e a o u/, where each of them may be long or short, and until the 1930s they were contrastively half and fully retroflexed, for a total of 30 vowel phonemes.[a] Current speakers only distinguish retroflection of a few vowels.[4]

Example words[5]
IPA Gloss
/noː/ disease
/po˞˞ː/ scar
/mo˞e˞/ sprout
/a˞e˞/ tiger's den
/ha˞ːsu/ to spread out
/ka˞˞ːʃu/ to remove
/i˞ːu˞˞/ seven
/hu˞˞ːj/ tamarind
/be˞ː/ bangle
/be˞˞ː/ banana
/huj/ to strike
/u˞˞j/ chisel

Note on transcription: rhoticity ⟨◌˞⟩ indicates half-retroflexion; doubled ⟨◌˞˞⟩ it indicates full retroflexion.

Bilabial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Stop voiceless p t ʈ c k
voiced b d ɖ ɟ ɡ
Fricative s h
Approximant ʋ l ɻ j
Trill r

Writing system

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Several attempts have been made at constructing an orthography based on English, Kannada and Tamil. The earliest printed book using Kannada script was a Christian work, "Anga Kartagibba Yesu Kristana Olleya Suddiya Pustaka" by Basel Mission Press of Mangaluru in 1890.[6]

Use of vowels and consonants of Tamil-Kannada script to create Badaga script
Use of Tamil-Kannada script to create Badaga script

Badaga can also be written in the Kannada script and Tamil script.

Linguistic documentation

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Badaga has been studied and documented by linguists. Several Badaga-English Dictionaries have been produced since the latter part of the nineteenth century.[7]

A collection of proverbs and other traditional sayings of the Badaga has been collated and edited by Paul Hockings.[8] It is the result of the work of many people, collecting material over many decades.

References

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  1. ^ Badaga at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Hockings, Paul (2004), "Badaga", in Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin (eds.), Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World’s Cultures Volume I: Topics Volume II: Cultures, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 572–578, doi:10.1007/0-387-29905-x_57, ISBN 978-0-387-29905-1
  3. ^ Emeneau, M. B. (28 February 2024). "The Vowels of the Badaga Language". Language. 15 (1): 43–47. doi:10.2307/409407. JSTOR 409407.
  4. ^ "Badaga". UCLA Phonetics Lab. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  5. ^ "Word List for Badaga". UCLA Phonetics Lab. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  6. ^ The Gospel of Luke in Badaga (PDF). Basel: Basel Mission Press. 1890.
  7. ^ Paul Hockings, Christiane Pilot-Raichoor (1992). A Badaga-English Dictionary (Reprint ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-012677-8.
  8. ^ Hockings, Paul. "Counsel from the Ancients." A study of Badaga proverbs, prayers, omens and curses. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter (1988).
  1. ^ Emenau (1931) reports no tokens of /i˞˞/, but suggests this is an accidental gap.

Relevant literature

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Badaga language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator