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Cato Institute

For other uses, see Cato (disambiguation).

Cato Institute
Established1977; 47 years ago (1977)[1]
Founders
Type501(c)(3) non-profit think tank
23-7432162
FocusPublic advocacy, media exposure and societal influence
Location
Coordinates38°54′12″N 77°01′35″W / 38.90333°N 77.02639°W / 38.90333; -77.02639
President and CEO
Peter N. Goettler[2]
Chairman
Robert A. Levy[2]
Executive Vice-President
Vacant
Revenue (2020)
$31,695,000[3]
Expenses (2020)$31,726,000[3]
Endowment (2020)$85,585,000[3]
Staff
100 staff
46 faculty
70 adjunct faculty
Websitewww.cato.org Edit this at Wikidata
Formerly called
Charles Koch Foundation; Cato Foundation
The Cato Institute's headquarters on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C.
This article is part of a series on
Libertarianism
in the United States
Schools
Principles
History
Economics
Intellectuals
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Issues
Culture
Organizations
Literature
See also

The Cato Institute is an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1977 by Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard, and Charles Koch,[5] chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Koch Industries.[nb 1] Cato was established to focus on public advocacy, media exposure, and societal influence.[6]

Cato advocates for a limited governmental role in domestic and foreign affairs and strong protection of civil liberties, including support for lowering or abolishing most taxes, opposition to the Federal Reserve system and the Affordable Care Act, the privatization of numerous government agencies and programs including Social Security and the United States Postal Service, demilitarization of the police, open borders and adhering to a non-interventionist foreign policy.

According to the 2019 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report (revised June 2020, Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), Cato was number 20 in the "Top Think Tanks Worldwide" and number 13 in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States".[7]

History

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20th century

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The institute was founded in January 1977 in San Francisco, California;[1] named at the suggestion of cofounder Rothbard after Cato's Letters, a series of British essays penned in the early 18th century by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon.[8][9]

In 1981, Murray Rothbard was removed from the Cato Institute by the board.[10] That same year, Cato relocated to Washington, D.C., settling initially in a historic house on Capitol Hill. The institute moved to its current location on Massachusetts Avenue in 1993.[11]

21st century

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In 2009, Cato Institute was ranked the fifth-ranked think tank in the world in a study of think tanks by James G. McGann, at the University of Pennsylvania, based on a criterion of excellence in "producing rigorous and relevant research, publications and programs in one or more substantive areas of research".[12]

The Cato Institute had a budget of $23 million in 2012.[13] In 2015, Cato's revenue exceeded $37 million, and the organization had 124 employees on staff.[14] In 2024, its revenue was reported at more than $71 million.[15][16]

Activities

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Various Cato Institute programs were favorably ranked in a survey on think tanks published by the University of Pennsylvania in 2012.[7]

Publications

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The Cato Institute publishes policy studies, briefing papers, periodicals, and books. Journals and periodicals include Cato Journal[17][18][19] (since 1981), Regulation magazine (acquired in 1990),[20][21][22] Cato's Letter,[23] Cato Supreme Court Review,[24] Cato Policy Report,[25] Cato published Inquiry Magazine from 1977 to 1982 (before transferring it to the Libertarian Review Foundation)[26] Literature of Liberty (from 1978 to 1979 before transferring it to the Institute for Humane Studies, which ended its publication in 1982).[27]

Cato also co-publishes the annual Human Freedom Index[28] with the Fraser Institute, and is the co-publisher with Fraser of the U.S. edition of the Economic Freedom of the World annual report.[29]

Books published by the Cato Institute

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Other notable books by Cato scholars

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Podcasts

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Web projects

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In addition to maintaining its own website in English and Spanish,[35] Cato maintains websites focused on particular topics:

Conferences

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The Cato Institute hosts conferences throughout the year. Topics include monetary policy, the U.S. Constitution, poverty and social welfare, technology and privacy, financial regulation, and civic culture.[42]

Speakers at past Cato Institute conferences have included Federal Reserve Chairmen Alan Greenspan[43] and Ben Bernanke,[44] Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Richard Clarida,[45] International Monetary Fund Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato,[46][47][48][49] Czech Republic President Václav Klaus,[50] and Avanti Financial Group Founder and CEO Caitlin Long.[51]

Ideological relationships

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Libertarianism and classical liberalism

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Many Cato scholars have advocated support for civil liberties, liberal immigration policies,[52] drug liberalization,[53] and the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell and laws restricting consensual sexual activity.[54][55] The Cato Institute officially resists being labeled as part of the conservative movement because "'conservative' smacks of an unwillingness to change, of a desire to preserve the status quo".[56]

Cato has strong ties to the political philosophy of classical liberalism.[57][58][59] According to executive vice president David Boaz, libertarians are classical liberals who strongly emphasize the individual right to liberty. He argues that, as the term "liberalism" became increasingly associated with government intervention in the economy and social welfare programs, some classical liberals abandoned the old term and began to call themselves “libertarians”.[60] Officially, Cato admits that the term “classical liberal” comes close to the mark of labeling its position, but fails to capture the contemporary vibrancy of the ideas of freedom. According to Cato's mission statement, the Jeffersonian philosophy that animates Cato's work has increasingly come to be called 'libertarianism' or 'market liberalism.' It combines an appreciation for entrepreneurship, the market process, and lower taxes with strict respect for civil liberties and skepticism about the benefits of both the welfare state and foreign military adventurism.[61][62]

In 2006, Markos Moulitsas of the Daily Kos proposed the term "Libertarian Democrat" to describe his particular liberal position, suggesting that libertarians should be allies of the Democratic Party. Replying, Cato's vice president for research Brink Lindsey agreed that libertarians and liberals should view each other as natural ideological allies,[63] and noted continuing differences between mainstream liberal views on economic policy and Cato's "Jeffersonian philosophy".

Some Cato scholars disagree with conservatives on neo-conservative foreign policy, albeit that this has not always been uniform.[64][failed verification]

Objectivism

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John A. Allison IV, former president of the Cato Institute from 2012 to 2015, speaking at the 2014 International Students for Liberty Conference (ISFLC)
Further information: Objectivism and libertarianism

The relationship between Cato and the Ayn Rand Institute (ARI) improved with the nomination of Cato's new president John A. Allison IV in 2012. He is a former ARI board member and is reported to be an "ardent devotee" of Rand who has promoted reading her books to colleges nationwide.[65] In March 2015, Allison retired as president, remaining on the board; he was succeeded by Peter Goettler.[66]

Positions

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The Cato Institute advocates policies that advance "individual liberty, limited government, free markets, and peace". They are libertarian in their policy positions, typically advocating diminished government intervention in domestic, social, and economic policies and decreased military and political intervention worldwide. Cato was cited by columnist Ezra Klein as nonpartisan, saying that it is "the foremost advocate for small-government principles in American life" and it "advocates those principles when Democrats are in power, and when Republicans are in power";[67] and Eric Lichtblau called Cato "one of the country's most widely cited research organizations."[68] Nina Eastman reported in 1995 that "on any given day, House Majority Whip Tom DeLay of Texas might be visiting for lunch. Or Cato staffers might be plotting strategy with House Majority Leader Dick Armey, another Texan, and his staff."[69]

Defense and foreign policy

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Cato's non-interventionist foreign policy views, and strong support for civil liberties, have frequently led Cato scholars to criticize those in power, both Republican and Democratic. Cato scholars opposed President George H. W. Bush's 1991 Gulf War operations (a position which caused the organization to lose nearly $1 million in funding),[70]: 454  President Bill Clinton's interventions in Haiti and Kosovo, President George W. Bush's 2003 invasion of Iraq, and President Barack Obama's 2011 military intervention in Libya.[71] As a response to the September 11 attacks, Cato scholars supported the removal of al Qaeda and the Taliban regime from power, but are against an indefinite and open-ended military occupation of Afghanistan.[72] Cato scholars criticized U.S. involvement in Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[71]

Ted Galen Carpenter, Cato's vice president for defense and foreign policy studies, criticized many of the arguments offered to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq. One of the war's earliest critics, Carpenter wrote in January 2002: "Ousting Saddam would make Washington responsible for Iraq's political future and entangle the United States in an endless nation-building mission beset by intractable problems."[73] Carpenter also predicted: "Most notably there is the issue posed by two persistent regional secession movements: the Kurds in the north and the Shiites in the south."[73] But in 2002 Carpenter wrote, "the United States should not shrink from confronting al-Qaeda in its Pakistani lair,"[74] a position echoed in the institute's policy recommendations for the 108th Congress.[75] Cato's director of foreign policy studies, Christopher Preble, argues in The Power Problem: How American Military Dominance Makes Us Less Safe, Less Prosperous, and Less Free, that America's position as an unrivaled superpower tempts policymakers to constantly overreach and to redefine ever more broadly the "national interest".[76]

Christopher Preble has said that the "scare campaign" to protect military spending from cuts under the Budget Control Act of 2011 has backfired.[77]

Cato's foreign and defense policies are guided by the view that the United States is relatively secure and so should engage the world, trade freely, and work with other countries on common concerns—but avoid trying to dominate it militarily. As a result, Cato advocates the United States should be an example of democracy and human rights, not their armed vindicator abroad, claiming it has a rich history, from George Washington to Cold War realists like George Kennan. Cato scholars aim to restore this view, with a principled and restrained foreign policy recommendation, to keep the nation out of most foreign conflicts and be cheaper, more ethical, and less destructive of civil liberties.[78][third-party source needed]

Domestic policies

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Cato scholars have consistently called for the privatization of many government services and institutions,[79] including NASA,[80] Social Security,[81] the United States Postal Service,[82] the Transportation Security Administration,[83] public schooling, public transportation systems,[84][85] and public broadcasting.[86] The institute opposes minimum wage laws, saying that they violate the freedom of contract and thus private property rights, and increase unemployment.[87][88]

The institute is opposed to expanding overtime regulations, arguing that it will benefit some employees in the short term, while costing jobs or lowering wages of others, and have no meaningful long-term impact.[89][90] It opposes child labor prohibitions,[91][92][93] opposes public sector unions, and supports right-to-work laws.[94][95] It opposes universal health care, arguing that it is harmful to patients and an intrusion onto individual liberty.[96][97] It is against affirmative action.[98] It has also called for total abolition of the welfare state, and has argued that it should be replaced with reduced business regulations to create more jobs, and argues that private charities are fully capable of replacing it.[99][100] Cato has also opposed antitrust laws.[101][102]

Cato is an opponent of campaign finance reform, arguing that government is the ultimate form of potential corruption and that such laws undermine democracy by undermining competitive elections. Cato also supports the repeal of the Federal Election Campaign Act.[103][104]

Cato is a fierce foe of the war on drugs, arguing that consenting adults have the right to put any substance they wish to in their bodies and that drug prohibition drives mass incarceration while fueling violent competition between gangs and failing to prevent drug abuse.[105]

Cato has published numerous studies criticizing what it calls "corporate welfare", the practice of public officials funneling taxpayer money, usually via targeted budgetary spending, to politically connected corporate interests.[106][107][108][109]

Cato has published strong criticisms of the 1998 settlement which many U.S. states signed with the tobacco industry.[110]

Cato president Ed Crane and Sierra Club executive director Carl Pope co-wrote a 2002 op-ed piece in The Washington Post calling for the abandonment of the Republican energy bill, arguing that it had become little more than a gravy train for Washington, D.C., lobbyists.[111] Again in 2005, Cato scholar Jerry Taylor teamed up with Daniel Becker of the Sierra Club to attack the Republican Energy Bill as a give-away to corporate interests.[112]

In 2003, Cato filed an amicus brief in support of the Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas, which struck down the remaining state laws that made private, non-commercial homosexual relations between consenting adults illegal. Cato cited the 14th Amendment, among other things, as the source of their support for the ruling. The amicus brief was cited in Justice Kennedy's majority opinion for the Court.[113]

In 2004, Cato scholar Daniel Griswold wrote in support of President George W. Bush's failed proposal to grant temporary work visas to otherwise undocumented laborers which would have granted limited residency for the purpose of employment in the U.S.[114]

In 2004, the institute published a paper arguing in favor of "drug reimportation".[115]

In 2006, the Cato Institute published a study proposing a Balanced Budget Veto Amendment to the United States Constitution.[116]

In 2006, Cato published a Policy Analysis criticising the Federal Marriage Amendment as unnecessary, anti-federalist, and anti-democratic.[117] The amendment would have changed the United States Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage; the amendment failed in both houses of Congress.

A 2006 Cato report by Radley Balko strongly criticized U.S. drug policy and the perceived growing militarization of U.S. law enforcement.[118]

A 2006 study criticized the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.[119]

Cato supports same-sex marriage and filed an amicus brief in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges supporting a constitutional right to same-sex marriage.[120]

Cato does not formally oppose capital punishment; however, they have frequently criticized the practice.[121][122]

Environmental policy

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Cato scholars have written about the issues of the environment, including global warming, environmental regulation, and energy policy. According to social scientists Riley Dunlap and Aaron McCright the Cato Institute is one of the "particularly crucial elements of the denial machine", that rejects global warming.[123]

PolitiFact.com and Scientific American have called Cato's work on global warming "false" and based on "data selection".[124][125] A December 2003 Cato panel included Patrick Michaels, Robert Balling and John Christy.[citation needed] Michaels, Balling and Christy agreed that global warming is related at least some degree to human activity but that many scientists and the media have overstated the danger.[126][citation needed] The Cato Institute has also criticized political attempts to stop global warming as expensive and ineffective.[127]

Cato scholars have been critical of the Bush administration's views on energy policy. In 2003, Cato scholars Jerry Taylor and Peter Van Doren said the Republican Energy Bill was "hundreds of pages of corporate welfare, symbolic gestures, empty promises, and pork-barrel projects".[128] They also spoke out against the former president's calls for larger ethanol subsidies.[129]

With regard to the "Takings Clause" of the United States Constitution and environmental protection, libertarians associated with Cato contended in 2003 that the Constitution is not adequate to guarantee the protection of private property rights.[130]

In 2019, Cato closed its "Center for the Study of Science", which E&E News characterized as "a program that for years sought to raise uncertainty about climate science" after its head Pat Michaels had left the institute over disagreements, along with his collaborator Ryan Maue, a meteorologist.[131] By that time, the Cato Institute was also no longer affiliated with its former distinguished fellow Richard Lindzen, another denier of the scientific consensus on climate change.[131]

Global freedom

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Cato's scholars seek to advance policies and support institutions in developing and developed countries that protect human rights and extend the range of personal choices. In particular, Cato's research explores the central role that freedom in its various dimensions—economic, civil, and personal—plays in human progress and in solving some of the world's most pressing problems, including global poverty. To this end Cato co-publishes the annual Human Freedom Index (2015–)[28] with the Fraser Institute and is the co-publisher with Fraser of the U.S. edition of the Economic Freedom of the World annual report (1996–).[29]

Immigration

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Cato argues that most Americans are immigrants or descended from immigrants who sought opportunity and freedom on American shores, and they believe that this continues today with immigrants continuing to become Americans, making the United States a wealthier, freer, and safer country. Cato's research indicates that the current US immigration system excludes the most peaceful and healthy immigrants, and urges policymakers to expand and deregulate legal immigration.[132] Further, Cato supports open borders.[133]

Presidential administrations

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Cato scholars were critical of George W. Bush's Republican administration (2001–2009) on several issues, including education,[134] and excessive government spending.[135] On other issues, they supported Bush administration initiatives, most notably health care,[136] Social Security,[137][138] global warming,[127] tax policy,[139] and immigration.[114][140][141][142]

During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Cato scholars criticized both major-party candidates, John McCain and Barack Obama.[143][144]

Cato has criticized President Obama's stances on policy issues such as fiscal stimulus,[145] healthcare reform,[146] foreign policy,[147] and drug-related matters,[53] while supporting his stance on the repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell[55] and the DREAM Act.[52]

Cato opposed Executive Order 13769, which was enacted in January 2017, which decreased the number of refugees admitted into the United States and suspended entry to individuals whose countries do not meet adjudication standards under U.S. immigration law.[148]

Trade policy

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Cato advocates that policymakers must be constantly reminded of the benefits of free trade and the costs of protectionism, arguing free trade is the extension of free markets across political borders. It promotes the idea that enlarging markets to integrate more buyers, sellers, investors, and workers enables more refined specialization and economies of scale, which produce more wealth and higher living standards, and argues that Protectionism does the opposite. Cato's policy recommendations focus on congress and the administration pursuing policies that expand the freedom of Americans to participate in the international marketplace.[149]

Funding, tax status, and corporate structure

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The Cato Institute is classified as a 501(c)(3) organization under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. For revenue, the institute is largely dependent on private contributions and does not receive government funding.[150] The Cato Institute reported the fiscal year 2015 revenue of $37.3 million and expenses of $29.4 million.[151] According to the organization's annual report, $32.1 million came from individual donors, $2.9 million came from foundations, $1.2 million came from program revenue and other income, and $1 million came from corporations.[151]

Sponsors of Cato have included FedEx, Google, CME Group and Whole Foods Market.[152] The Nation reported support for Cato from the tobacco industry in a 2012 story.[153]

Funding details

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Net assets as of FYE March 2020: $81,391,000.

Shareholder dispute and departure of Ed Crane

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In 2011, there were four shareholders of the Cato Institute: Charles and David Koch, Ed Crane,[154] and William A. Niskanen. Niskanen died in October 2011.[155] In March 2012, a dispute broke out over the ownership of Niskanen's shares.[154][155] Charles and David Koch filed suit in Kansas, seeking to void his shareholder seat. The Kochs argued that Niskanen's shares should first be offered to the board of the institute, and then to the remaining shareholders,[156] while Crane contended that Niskanen's shares belonged to his widow, Kathryn Washburn, and that the move by the Kochs was an attempt to turn Cato into "some sort of auxiliary for the G.O.P ... It's detrimental to Cato, it's detrimental to Koch Industries, it's detrimental to the libertarian movement."[68] Those who supported Cato's existing management rallied around the "Save Cato" banner,[157] while those who supported the Koch brothers, called "For a Better Cato".[158]

In June 2012, Cato announced an agreement in principle to settle the dispute by changing the institute's governing structure. Under the agreement, a board replaced the shareholders and Crane, who at the time was also chief executive officer, retired. Former BB&T bank CEO John A. Allison IV replaced him.[159][160] The Koch brothers agreed to drop two lawsuits.[161]

In 2018, several former Cato employees alleged longtime sexual harassment by Crane, going back to the 1990s and continuing until his departure in 2012. Politico reported that he settled one such claim in 2012. Crane denied the allegations.[162]

Prizes

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Recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences at Cato

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The following recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences have worked with Cato:[163]

Milton Friedman Prize

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Since 2002, the Cato Institute has awarded the Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty every two years to "an individual who has made a significant contribution to advancing human freedom."[165] The prize comes with a cash award of US$250,000.[166]

Friedman Prize winners
Year Recipient Nationality
2002 Peter Thomas Bauer[167]  British
2004 Hernando de Soto Polar[168]  Peruvian
2006 Mart Laar[169]  Estonian
2008 Yon Goicoechea[170]  Venezuelan
2010 Akbar Ganji[171]  Iranian
2012 Mao Yushi[172]  Chinese
2014 Leszek Balcerowicz[173]  Polish
2016 Flemming Rose[174]  Danish
2018 Ladies in White[175]  Cuban
2021 Innocence Project[176]  USA

Board of directors

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As of 2020:[2]

Notable Cato scholars

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Notable scholars associated with Cato include the following:[177]

Policy scholars

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Adjunct scholars

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Fellows

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Affiliations

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The Cato Institute is an associate member of the State Policy Network, a U.S. national network of free-market oriented think tanks.[178][179]

Rankings

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According to the 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), Cato is number 27 in the "Top Think Tanks Worldwide" and number 13 in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States".[7] Other "Top Think Tank" rankings include # 13 (of 85) in Defense and National Security, #5 (of 80) in Domestic Economic Policy, #4 (of 55) in Education Policy, #17 (of 85) in Foreign Policy and International Affairs, #8 (of 30) in Domestic Health Policy, #14 (of 25) in Global Health Policy, #18 (of 80) in International Development, #14 (of 50) in International Economic Policy, #8 (of 50) in Social Policy, #8 (of 75) for Best Advocacy Campaign, #17 (of 60) for Best Think Tank Network, #3 (of 60) for best Use of Social Networks, #9 (of 50) for Best External Relations/Public Engagement Program, #2 (of 40) for Best Use of the Internet, #12 (of 40) for Best Use of Media, #5 (of 30) for Most Innovative Policy Ideas/Proposals, #11 (of 70) for the Most Significant Impact on Public Policy, and #9 (of 60) for Outstanding Policy-Oriented Public Programs. Cato also topped the 2014 list of the budget-adjusted ranking of international development think tanks.[180]

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Koch Industries is the second largest privately held company by revenue in the United States. "Forbes List". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2011.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "The Cato Institute 40 Years Anniversary Timeline". Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Board of Directors". Cato Institute. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d "Fiscal year 2020 financial results" (PDF). Cato Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  4. ^ "Cato's Mission". Cato Institute. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
  5. ^ "25 years at the Cato Institute: The 2001 Annual Report" (PDF). OCLC 52255585. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  6. ^ Cobane, Craig T. (2005). "Think Tanks". Americans at War. Gale. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c James G. McGann (Director) (January 28, 2021). "2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report". Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  8. ^ The essays, named after Cato the Younger, the defender of republican institutions in Rome, expounded on the political views of philosopher John Locke, that had a strong influence on the American Revolution's intellectual environment. See: Mitchell, Annie (July 2004). "A Liberal Republican "Cato"". American Journal of Political Science. 48 (3): 588–603. doi:10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00089.x.
  9. ^ Rossiter, Clinton (1953). Seedtime of the Republic: the origin of the American tradition of political liberty. New York: Harcourt, Brace. pp. 141. No one can spend any time the newspapers, library inventories, and pamphlets of colonial America without realizing that Cato's Letters rather than John Locke's Civil Government was the most popular, quotable, esteemed source for political ideas in the colonial period.
  10. ^ "The Kochtopus vs. Murray N. Rothbard by David Gordon". March 5, 2012. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012.
  11. ^ "About The Cato Institute". The Washington Post.
  12. ^ "The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program 2009" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  13. ^ Bennett, Laurie. "The Kochs Aren't the Only Funders of Cato". Forbes. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  14. ^ "Rise of the Cato Institute". Philanthropy Roundtable. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  15. ^ Roberts, Andrea Suozzo, Alec Glassford, Ash Ngu, Brandon (May 9, 2013). "Cato Institute - Nonprofit Explorer". ProPublica. Retrieved October 30, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  17. ^ ISSN 0273-3072
  18. ^ "Academic Search Complete" (PDF). EBSCO. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  19. ^ ProQuest Database: ProQuest 5000 International Archived November 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, ProQuest
  20. ^ ISSN 0147-0590
  21. ^ "Business Source Complete" (PDF). EBSCO. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  22. ^ ProQuest Database: ProQuest 5000 International Archived November 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, ProQuest
  23. ^ OCLC 464445035, 51687065
  24. ^ ISSN 1936-0398
  25. ^ ISSN 0743-605X
  26. ^ ISSN 0148-5008; OCLC 3456688
  27. ^ ISSN 0161-7303; OCLC 4007467
  28. ^ a b "Human Freedom Index". cato.org. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  29. ^ a b "Economic Freedom of the World". cato.org. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  30. ^ "Multimedia: Cato Daily Podcast". cato.org. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  31. ^ "Multimedia: Power Problems". cato.org. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  32. ^ "Multimedia: Cato Events". cato.org. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  33. ^ "Multimedia: Cato Audio". cato.org. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  34. ^ "Multimedia: Cato Out Loud". cato.org. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  35. ^ "elcato.org". elcato.org. Archived from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  36. ^ "Downsizing the Federal Government". downsizinggovernment.org. Archived from the original on January 5, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
  37. ^ "Homepage of the Libertarianism". Libertarianism. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  38. ^ "PoliceMisconduct.net – The Cato Institute's National Police Misconduct Reporting Project". policemisconduct.net. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  39. ^ "Public Schooling Battle Map". cato.org. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  40. ^ "Unlawful Shield – A Cato Institute Website Dedicated to Abolishing Qualified Immunity". www.unlawfulshield.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
  41. ^ "How free is your state?". www.freedominthe50states.org. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
  42. ^ Cato Institute. "Events". Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  43. ^ "21st Annual Monetary Conference: The Future of the Euro". Cato Institute. November 20, 2003. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  44. ^ "25th Annual Monetary Conference: Monetary Arrangements in the 21st Century". Cato Institute. November 14, 2007. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  45. ^ "37th Annual Monetary Conference - Fed Policy: A Shadow Review". Cato Institute. November 14, 2019. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  46. ^ Bleier, Karen (October 27, 2008). "International Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato". Getty Images. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2013. file photo taken on November 30, 2006
  47. ^ Wilson, Mark (November 20, 2003). "Alan Greenspan Speaks About Euro in Washington". Getty Images. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  48. ^ Jones, Caleb. "Bernanke". AP Images. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2013. Federal Reserve Board Chairman Ben Bernanke speaks at the Cato Institute's annual Monetary Conference ...
  49. ^ "Latin America: Between Populism and Modernity". Cato Institute. November 30, 2006. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  50. ^ "President of the Czech Republic Václav Klaus Delivers Remarks at the Cato Institute". Federal Document Clearing House, Inc. Washington Transcript Service. September 19, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  51. ^ "38th Annual Monetary Conference - Digital Currency: Risk or Promise?". Cato Institute. November 19, 2020. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
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