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Comet Interceptor

Comet Interceptor
Mission typeComet flyby
OperatorESA / JAXA
Websitewww.cometinterceptor.space/mission.html
Mission duration≈ 5 years
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftComet Interceptor
Launch massApprox. 850 kg (1,870 lb).[1]
Start of mission
Launch date2029 (planned)[2]
RocketAriane 62
Launch siteKourou ELA-4
ContractorArianespace
Flyby of a long-period comet
yet to be selected
← ARIEL
ATHENA →

The Comet Interceptor is a robotic spacecraft mission led by the European Space Agency (ESA) planned for launch in 2029.[2] The spacecraft will be "parked" at the Sun-Earth L2 point and wait for up to three years for a long-period comet to fly by at a reachable trajectory and speed.

The Principal Investigator is Geraint Jones, from the Mullard Space Science Laboratory in the United Kingdom. The maximum cost of the spacecraft bus is set at €150M, excluding science instruments and launch services.[1]

Overview

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Artist's impression of the Comet Interceptor in space

Long-period comets have highly eccentric orbits and periods ranging from 200 years to millions of years,[3] so they are usually discovered only months before they pass through the inner Solar System and return to the distant reaches of the outer Solar System, which is too little time to plan and launch a mission. Therefore, ESA will "park" the Comet Interceptor spacecraft on a stable halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point and wait for the discovery of a suitable comet that it can reach for a close flyby.[4]

The Comet Interceptor mission is unique in that it is designed to encounter an as-yet unknown target, having to wait between 2 and 3 years for a target it can reach with a reasonable change in velocity (delta-v) within a total mission length of approximately 5 years.[4][5] The baseline design is solar electric propulsion.[4]

Finding a suitable comet to fly by will rely on ground-based observational surveys such as Pan-STARRS, ATLAS, or the future Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST).[1] In the case that no long-period comet can be intercepted in time, a backup short period comet (baseline: 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann) can be studied.[4] There is also the potential of intercepting an interstellar object passing through the Solar System, if the velocity and direction permit.[4][6][7]

The mission's primary science goal is stated as "to characterise, a dynamically-new comet, including its surface composition, shape, structure, and the composition of its gas coma."[8]

Comet Interceptor is being developed as ESA's first Fast class (F-class) of the Cosmic Vision programme. The mission is being planned and developed by a consortium that includes the ESA and Japan's space agency JAXA. Comet Interceptor will share the launch vehicle with ESA's ARIEL space telescope, which is also bound for Lagrange point 2.[2]

Secondary spacecraft

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Comet Interceptor instruments

One-two days before the comet flyby, the main spacecraft (spacecraft A) will deploy two small probes (B1 and B2) to venture even closer to the target, carrying complementary instrument payloads and to sample the coma.[9][10] Each of the three spacecraft will sample gas composition, dust flux, density, magnetic fields, and plasma and solar wind interactions, to build up a 3D profile of the region around the comet.[11]

Spacecraft element Agency Science payload[12]
A ESA CoCa: Visible/near-infrared imager
MANIaC: Mass Analyzer for Neutrals and Ions at Comets (mass spectrometer)
MIRMIS: NIR and Thermal IR spectral imagers, and MIR spectrometer
DFP: Dust, Fields and Plasma
B1 JAXA HI: Lyman-alpha Hydrogen imager
PS: Plasma Suite
WAC: wide angle camera
B2 ESA OPIC: Optical Imager for Comets (Vis/IR)
EnVisS: Entire Visible Sky coma mapper
DFP: Dust, Fields and Plasma

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Jones, Geraint; Snodgrass, Colin (29 January 2019). Comet Interceptor: A proposed ESA mission to an ancient world (PDF). 20th Meeting of the NASA Small Bodies Assessment Group (SBAG). Houston, TX: Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "Comet Interceptor construction moves forward". ESA. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Small Bodies: Profile". JPL. NASA. 29 October 2008. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e Jones, Geraint (2 June 2019). "Comet Interceptor - Executive Summary" (PDF). Comet Interceptor Consortium. ESA. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  5. ^ "Comet Interceptor - Mission". Comet Interceptor Consortium. ESA. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  6. ^ O'Callaghan, Jonathan (24 June 2019). "European Comet Interceptor Could Visit an Interstellar Object". Scientific American. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  7. ^ Gough, Evan (29 June 2019). "Meet the Comet Interceptor. It'll Wait Patiently In Space for a Comet, Then Pounce On It". Universe Today. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  8. ^ "Comet Interceptor - Science". Comet Interceptor Consortium. ESA. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  9. ^ "Comet Interceptor factsheet". www.esa.int.
  10. ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (21 June 2019). "ESA to Launch Comet Interceptor Mission in 2028". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  11. ^ Rabie, Passant (21 June 2019). "A Triple-Threat 'Comet Interceptor' Could Explore an Undiscovered Space Object". Space.com. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  12. ^ "Comet Interceptor's spacecraft and instruments". www.esa.int.