Cousin prime

In number theory, cousin primes are prime numbers that differ by four.^[1] Compare this with twin primes, pairs of prime numbers that differ by two, and sexy primes, pairs of prime numbers that differ by six.

The cousin primes (sequences OEIS: A023200 and OEIS: A046132 in OEIS) below 1000 are:

(3, 7), (7, 11), (13, 17), (19, 23), (37, 41), (43, 47), (67, 71), (79, 83), (97, 101), (103, 107), (109, 113), (127, 131), (163, 167), (193, 197), (223, 227), (229, 233), (277, 281), (307, 311), (313, 317), (349, 353), (379, 383), (397, 401), (439, 443), (457, 461), (463,467), (487, 491), (499, 503), (613, 617), (643, 647), (673, 677), (739, 743), (757, 761), (769, 773), (823, 827), (853, 857), (859, 863), (877, 881), (883, 887), (907, 911), (937, 941), (967, 971)

The only prime belonging to two pairs of cousin primes is 7. One of the numbers n, n + 4, n + 8 will always be divisible by 3, so n = 3 is the only case where all three are primes.

An example of a large proven cousin prime pair is (p, p + 4) for

${\displaystyle p=4111286921397\times 2^{66420}+1}$

which has 20008 digits. In fact, this is part of a prime triple since p is also a twin prime (because p – 2 is also a proven prime).

As of April 2022^[update], the largest-known pair of cousin primes was found by S. Batalov and has 51,934 digits. The primes are:

${\displaystyle p=29055814795\times (2^{172486}-2^{86243})+2^{86245}-3}$

${\displaystyle p+4=29055814795\times (2^{172486}-2^{86243})+2^{86245}+1}$^[2]

If the first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture holds, then cousin primes have the same asymptotic density as twin primes. An analogue of Brun's constant for twin primes can be defined for cousin primes, called Brun's constant for cousin primes, with the initial term (3, 7) omitted, by the convergent sum:^[3]

${\displaystyle B_{4}=\left({\frac {1}{7}}+{\frac {1}{11}}\right)+\left({\frac {1}{13}}+{\frac {1}{17}}\right)+\left({\frac {1}{19}}+{\frac {1}{23}}\right)+\cdots .}$

Using cousin primes up to 2⁴², the value of B₄ was estimated by Marek Wolf in 1996 as

${\displaystyle B_{4}\approx 1.1970449}$^[4]

This constant should not be confused with Brun's constant for prime quadruplets, which is also denoted B₄.

The Skewes number for cousin primes is 5206837 (Tóth (2019)).

• Wells, David (2011). Prime Numbers: The Most Mysterious Figures in Math. John Wiley & Sons. p. 33. ISBN 978-1118045718.
• Fine, Benjamin; Rosenberger, Gerhard (2007). Number theory: an introduction via the distribution of primes. Birkhäuser. pp. 206. ISBN 978-0817644727.
• Tóth, László (2019), "On The Asymptotic Density Of Prime k-tuples and a Conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood" (PDF), Computational Methods in Science and Technology, 25 (3), arXiv:1910.02636, doi:10.12921/cmst.2019.0000033.
• Wolf, Marek (February 1998). "Random walk on the prime numbers". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 250 (1–4): 335–344. Bibcode:1998PhyA..250..335W. doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(97)00661-4.