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Crop wild relative

Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides), a CWR of cultivated wheats (Triticum spp), can be found in northern Israel.
Two conservationists collecting indigenous knowledge on cultural practices that favour CWR populations, from a farmer near Fes, Morocco.

A crop wild relative (CWR) is a wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant. It may be a wild ancestor of the domesticated (cultivated) plant or another closely related taxon.

Overview

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The wild relatives of crop plants constitute an increasingly important resource for improving agricultural production and for maintaining sustainable agro-ecosystems. Their natural selection in the wild accumulates a rich set of useful traits that can be introduced into crop plants by crossing.[1][2][3] With the advent of anthropogenic climate change and greater ecosystem instability CWRs are likely to prove a critical resource in ensuring food security for the new millennium.[4] It was Nikolai Vavilov, the Russian botanist who first realized the importance of crop wild relatives in the early 20th century.[5] Genetic material from CWRs has been utilized by humans for thousands of years to improve the quality and yield of crops. Farmers have used traditional breeding methods for millennia, wild maize (Zea mexicana) is routinely grown alongside maize to promote natural crossing and improve yields. More recently, plant breeders have utilised CWR genes to improve a wide range of crops like rice (Oryza sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and grain legumes.[6][7]

CWRs have contributed many useful genes to crop plants, and modern varieties of most major crops now contain genes from their wild relatives.[8] Therefore, CWRs are wild plants related to socio-economically important species including food, fodder and forage crops, medicinal plants, condiments, ornamental, and forestry species, as well as plants used for industrial purposes, such as oils and fibres, and to which they can contribute beneficial traits. A CWR can be defined as "... a wild plant taxon that has an indirect use derived from its relatively close genetic relationship to a crop...”[9]

Conservation of crop wild relatives

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Example of one of the first genetic reserves established to conserve CWRs near Kalakh al Hosn, Syria

CWRs are essential components of natural and agricultural ecosystems and hence are indispensable for maintaining ecosystem health.[4] Their conservation and sustainable use is very important for improving agricultural production, increasing food security, and maintaining a healthy environment.[10][11][12]

Geographic hotspots of distributions of crop wild relatives not represented in genebanks

The natural populations of many CWRs are increasingly at risk. They are threatened by habitat loss through the destruction and degradation of natural environment or their conversion to other uses. Deforestation is leading to the loss of many populations of important wild relatives of fruit, nut, and industrial crops. Populations of wild relatives of cereal crops that occur in arid or semi-arid lands are being severely reduced by over grazing and resulting desertification. The growing industrialization of agriculture is drastically reducing the occurrence of CWRs within the traditional agro-ecosystems. The wise conservation and use of CWRs are essential elements for increasing food security, eliminating poverty, and maintaining the environment.[13]

Conservation strategies for CWRs often consider both in situ and ex situ conservation.[14] These are complementary approaches to CWR conservation, since each has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, whilst ex situ conservation protects CWR (or more correctly, their genes) from threats in the wild, it can limit evolution and adaptation to new environmental challenges.

In 2016, 29% of wild relative plant species were completely missing from the world’s genebanks, with a further 24% represented by fewer than 10 samples. Over 70% of all crop wild relative species worldwide were in urgent need of further collecting to improve their representation in genebanks, and over 95% were insufficiently represented with regard to the full range of geographic and ecological variation in their native distributions. While the most critical priorities for further collecting were found in the Mediterranean and Near East, Western and Southern Europe, Southeast and East Asia, and South America, crop wild relatives insufficiently represented in genebanks are distributed across almost all countries worldwide.[14][15]

Examples of wild relatives

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Grains

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Vegetables

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Note: Many different vegetables share one common ancestor, particularly in the Brassica genus of plants (cruciferous vegetables). Many vegetables are also hybrids of different species, again this is particularly true of Brassicas (see e.g. triangle of U).

Fruits

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Oilseeds

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Pulses

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Cajanus scarabaeoides is one of the closest wild relatives to the cultivated pigeonpea and has high drought tolerance and high protein content. Being screened at the campus of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Patancheru, India.

Forages

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Tubers

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bioversity International, (2006). Crop wild relatives. Bioversity International, Rome.
  2. ^ FAO, (1998). The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO, Rome
  3. ^ FAO, (2008). Establishment of a global network for the in situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and needs. FAO, Rome
  4. ^ a b Maxted N, Ford-Lloyd BV, Kell SP (2008). "Crop wild relatives: establishing the context.". In Maxted N, Ford-Lloyd BV, Kell SP, Iriondo J, Dulloo E, Turok J (eds.). Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. pp. 3–30.
  5. ^ Vavilov NI (1926). Studies in the origin of cultivated plants. Leningrad: Institute of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding.
  6. ^ Hajjar R, Hodgkin T (2007). "The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years". Euphytica. 156 (1–2): 1–13. doi:10.1007/s10681-007-9363-0. S2CID 36269581.
  7. ^ Bohra, Abhishek; Kilian, Benjamin; Sivasankar, Shoba; Caccamo, Mario; Mba, Chikelu; McCouch, Susan R.; Varshney, Rajeev K. (2022-04-01). "Reap the crop wild relatives for breeding future crops". Trends in Biotechnology. 40 (4): 412–431. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.009. ISSN 0167-7799. PMID 34629170. S2CID 238580339.
  8. ^ Dempewolf H, Baute G, Anderson J, Kilian B, Smith C, Guarino L (2017-05-06). "Past and Future Use of Wild Relatives in Crop Breeding". Crop Science. 57 (3): 1070–1082. doi:10.2135/cropsci2016.10.0885. ISSN 0011-183X.
  9. ^ Maxted N, Ford-Lloyd BV, Jury SL, Kell SP, Scholten MA (2006). "Towards a definition of a crop wild relative". Biodiversity and Conservation. 15 (8): 2673–2685. Bibcode:2006BiCon..15.2673M. doi:10.1007/s10531-005-5409-6. S2CID 26885014.
  10. ^ Hawkes JG, Maxted N, Ford-Lloyd BV (2000). The ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Dordrecht: Kluwer. pp. 1–250.
  11. ^ Heywood VH, Dulloo ME (2006). "In Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Species – a Critical Global Review of Good Practices. IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 11. IPGRI, Rome". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Meilleur BA, Hodgkin T (2004). "In situ conservation of crop wild relatives: Status and trends". Biodiversity and Conservation. 13 (4): 663–684. Bibcode:2004BiCon..13..663M. doi:10.1023/b:bioc.0000011719.03230.17. S2CID 3064850.
  13. ^ Tanksley SD, McCouch SR (August 1997). "Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild". Science. 277 (5329): 1063–6. doi:10.1126/science.277.5329.1063. PMID 9262467.
  14. ^ a b Taylor NG, Kell SP, Holubec V, Parra-Quijano M, Maxted N (2017). "A systematic conservation strategy for crop wild relatives in the Czech Republic" (PDF). Diversity and Distributions. 23 (4): 448–462. Bibcode:2017DivDi..23..448T. doi:10.1111/ddi.12539.
  15. ^ Castañeda-Álvarez, Nora P.; Khoury, Colin K.; Achicanoy, Harold A.; Bernau, Vivian; Dempewolf, Hannes; Eastwood, Ruth J.; Guarino, Luigi; Harker, Ruth H.; Jarvis, Andy; Maxted, Nigel; Müller, Jonas V. (2016-03-21). "Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives". Nature Plants. 2 (4): 16022. doi:10.1038/nplants.2016.22. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 27249561. S2CID 7174536.
  16. ^ Dida, Mathews M.; Oduori, Chrispus A.; Manthi, Samuel J.; Avosa, Millicent O.; Mikwa, Erick O.; Ojulong, Henry F.; Odeny, Damaris A. (2021). "Novel sources of resistance to blast disease in finger millet". Crop Science. 61 (1): 250–262. doi:10.1002/csc2.20378. ISSN 1435-0653. S2CID 225135026.
  17. ^ Rehman, Sajid; Amouzoune, Mariam; Hiddar, Houda; Aberkane, Hafid; Benkirane, Rachid; Filali-Maltouf, Abdelkarim; Al-Jaboobi, Muamar; Acqbouch, Leila; Tsivelikas, Athanasios; Verma, Ramesh Pal Singh; Kehel, Zakaria (2021). "Traits discovery in Hordeum vulgare sbsp. spontaneum accessions and in lines derived from interspecific crosses with wild Hordeum species for enhancing barley breeding efforts". Crop Science. 61 (1): 219–233. doi:10.1002/csc2.20360. ISSN 1435-0653. S2CID 225167970.
  18. ^ Tin, Huynh Quang; Loi, Nguyen Huu; Labarosa, Sandy Jan E.; McNally, Kenneth L.; McCouch, Susan; Kilian, Benjamin (2021). "Phenotypic response of farmer-selected CWR-derived rice lines to salt stress in the Mekong Delta". Crop Science. 61 (1): 201–218. doi:10.1002/csc2.20354. ISSN 1435-0653. S2CID 229546947.
  19. ^ Sharma, Shivali; Sharma, Rajan; Govindaraj, Mahalingam; Mahala, Rajendra Singh; Satyavathi, C. Tara; Srivastava, Rakesh K.; Gumma, Murali Krishna; Kilian, Benjamin (2021). "Harnessing wild relatives of pearl millet for germplasm enhancement: Challenges and opportunities". Crop Science. 61 (1): 177–200. doi:10.1002/csc2.20343. ISSN 1435-0653. S2CID 224875047.
  20. ^ Ochieng, Grace; Ngugi, Kahiu; Wamalwa, Lydia N.; Manyasa, Eric; Muchira, Nicoleta; Nyamongo, Desterio; Odeny, Damaris A. (2021). "Novel sources of drought tolerance from landraces and wild sorghum relatives". Crop Science. 61 (1): 104–118. doi:10.1002/csc2.20300. ISSN 1435-0653. S2CID 225470264.
  21. ^ Simon, Philipp W.; Rolling, William R.; Senalik, Douglas; Bolton, Adam L.; Rahim, M. A.; Mannan, A. T. M. Majharul; Islam, Ferdouse; Ali, A.; Nijabat, A.; Naveed, Naima Huma; Hussain, Rameez (2021). "Wild carrot diversity for new sources of abiotic stress tolerance to strengthen vegetable breeding in Bangladesh and Pakistan". Crop Science. 61 (1): 163–176. doi:10.1002/csc2.20333. ISSN 1435-0653.
  22. ^ Eyland, David; Breton, Catherine; Sardos, Julie; Kallow, Simon; Panis, Bart; Swennen, Rony; Paofa, Janet; Tardieu, François; Welcker, Claude; Janssens, Steven B.; Carpentier, Sebastien C. (2021). "Filling the gaps in gene banks: Collecting, characterizing, and phenotyping wild banana relatives of Papua New Guinea". Crop Science. 61 (1): 137–149. doi:10.1002/csc2.20320. ISSN 1435-0653. S2CID 225195460.
  23. ^ Kouassi, Abou Bakari; Kouassi, Koffi Brice Aymar; Sylla, Zakaria; Plazas, Mariola; Fonseka, Ramya Malkanthi; Kouassi, Auguste; Fonseka, Hemal; N'guetta, Assanvo Simon-Pierre; Prohens, Jaime (2021). "Genetic parameters of drought tolerance for agromorphological traits in eggplant, wild relatives, and interspecific hybrids". Crop Science. 61 (1): 55–68. doi:10.1002/csc2.20250. hdl:10251/196627. ISSN 1435-0653. S2CID 225378001.
  24. ^ Abdallah, Fadoua; Kumar, Shiv; Amri, Ahmed; Mentag, Rachid; Kehel, Zakaria; Mejri, Rajia Kchaou; Triqui, Zine El Abidine; Hejjaoui, Kamal; Baum, Michael; Amri, Moez (2021). "Wild Lathyrus species as a great source of resistance for introgression into cultivated grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) against broomrape weeds (Orobanche crenata Forsk. and Orobanche foetida Poir.)". Crop Science. 61 (1): 263–276. doi:10.1002/csc2.20399. ISSN 1435-0653.
  25. ^ Khoury, Colin K.; Castañeda-Alvarez, Nora P.; Achicanoy, Harold A.; Sosa, Chrystian C.; Bernau, Vivian; Kassa, Mulualem T.; Norton, Sally L.; van der Maesen, L. Jos G.; Upadhyaya, Hari D.; Ramírez-Villegas, Julian; Jarvis, Andy (2015-04-01). "Crop wild relatives of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]: Distributions, ex situ conservation status, and potential genetic resources for abiotic stress tolerance". Biological Conservation. 184: 259–270. Bibcode:2015BCons.184..259K. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.032. ISSN 0006-3207.
  26. ^ Sharma, Shivali; Lavale, Shivaji Ajinath; Nimje, Chetna; Singh, Sube (2021). "Characterization and identification of annual wild Cicer species for seed protein and mineral concentrations for chickpea improvement". Crop Science. 61 (1): 305–319. doi:10.1002/csc2.20413. ISSN 1435-0653. S2CID 233360422.
  27. ^ Humphries, Alan W.; Ovalle, Carlos; Hughes, Steve; Pozo, Alejandro del; Inostroza, Luis; Barahona, Viviana; Yu, Linqing; Yerzhanova, Sakysh; Rowe, Trevor; Hill, Jeff; Meiirman, Galiolla (2021). "Characterization and pre-breeding of diverse alfalfa wild relatives originating from drought-stressed environments". Crop Science. 61 (1): 69–88. doi:10.1002/csc2.20274. ISSN 1435-0653.
  28. ^ Nhanala, Stella E. C.; Yencho, G. Craig (2021). "Assessment of the potential of wild Ipomoea spp. for the improvement of drought tolerance in cultivated sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam". Crop Science. 61 (1): 234–249. doi:10.1002/csc2.20363. ISSN 1435-0653. S2CID 224985206.
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