Draft:Siege of Jerusalem (1967)

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Liberation of Jerusalem (1967)
Part of the Six-Day War
Paratroopers at the Western Wall Pictured by David Rubinger
Date June 5-June 7 1967 Location East Jerusalem,State of Israel Result Israeli victory Start of the Reunification of Jerusalem[1] Start of the celebrations of Jerusalem Day Start of the Jordanian campaign (1967) and the Israeli occupation of the West Bank
Belligerents
State of Israel  Israel Defense Forces	Jordan  Royal Jordanian Army
Casualties and losses
182 killed[2] 20 civilians killed 1,000 wounded	350-400 killed
582 killed in total

Part of a series on
Jerusalem
History Timeline City of David 1000 BCE Second Temple Period 538 BCE–70 CE Aelia Capitolina 130–325 CE Byzantine 325–638 CE Early Muslim 638–1099 Crusader 1099–1187 Late Medieval 1187–1517 Ottoman 1517–1917 British Mandate 1917–1948 Modern period (Jordanian and Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem) 1948-
Sieges Before Common Era 701 BCE 597 BCE 587 BCE 63 BCE 37 BCE Common Era 70 614 637 1099 1187 1244 1834 1917 1948
Places East West Old City Temple Mount/Al-Aqsa Dome of the Rock Al-Aqsa Mosque Western Wall Synagogues Mosques Church of the Holy Sepulchre Hebrew University Knesset Biblical Zoo Tomb of Lazarus Al-Quds University
People Demographic history Mayor Chief Rabbi Grand Mufti Greek Orthodox Patriarch Crusader kings
Political status Religious significance Judaism Christianity Islam Jerusalem Law Jerusalem Day Quds Day Judaization Islamization US recognition
Other topics Names Emblem Municipality Greater Jerusalem Cuisine City Line Transport Songs Historical maps
v t e

The Siege of Jerusalem (also known as the Battle of Jerusalem and the Reunification of Jerusalem ; (Hebrew:קְרָב יֵרֻושָלַים ; Arabic: معركة القدس) in Israel was the third war forced upon Israel and also the shortest.^{[citation needed]} Israel succeeded and prevailed over the armies of its three most powerful neighbors, which threatened to strangle it from the south, east and north.^{[citation needed]} Jerusalem, Israel's capital, was reunited. For the first time in 19 years, the Old City was open to believers of all faiths and Jews could access their holiest sites. The war was a military confrontation between the Israel Defense Forces and the Jordanian Army in the Six-Day War of June 1967.^{[citation needed]} The decisive defeat of the Jordanians was critical to the eventual loss of the Jordanian Army to Israel. Leading Israeli forces was Major General Moshe Dayan, later a prominent politician and Hero of Israel.^{[citation needed]}

The escalation to war began with renewed heavy shelling of Israeli agricultural villages from Syrian army positions overlooking them on the Golan Heights, Palestinian infiltrations into Israeli territory, and Egyptian President Nasser's outspoken threats.^{[citation needed]} On 16 May 1967, Egyptian troops crossed the Suez Canal and entered the Sinai, moving quickly towards the border with Israel, despite the presence of United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), whose purpose was to serve as a buffer between the sides. Further acts of aggression quickly followed, as the Syrian army placed itself on a war footing on the Golan Heights.^{[citation needed]} On 19 May, UN Secretary General U Thant acceded to Egypt’s request to remove UNEF from Sinai, leaving Israel's southern border exposed to Egypt's army.^{[citation needed]} On 22 May, in a move that constituted a casus belli, Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, cutting off Israel’s only route to Asia and Iran, its main supplier of oil. Other leaders across the Arab world added their voices to the choir threatening to destroy Israel and by 4 June, the military alliance of Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq was complete.^{[citation needed]}

Jordan and an alliance of Arab states rejected the 1947 UN Partition Plan under which Jerusalem was to be a Corpus separatum, instead invading former Palestinian Mandate territory, and by the armistice in 1949 was in control of the Old City and East Jerusalem (excluding Mount Scopus). The Arab invading armies failed to take control over the rest of Israel, including West Jerusalem. The city was then divided along the 1949 Armistice Line. East Jerusalem was annexed to Jordan in 1950. The city remained divided until the Six-Day War in 1967.^[3] As part of the Jordanian campaign^[4] ,on June 5, 1967, the Jordanian Army began shelling Israel.When the Israeli cabinet convened to decide how to respond, Yigal Allon and Menahem Begin argued that this was an opportunity to take the Old City of Jerusalem, but Eshkol decided to defer any decision until Moshe Dayan and Yitzhak Rabin could be consulted.During the late afternoon of June 5, the Israelis launched an offensive to encircle Jerusalem, which lasted into the following day. On June 7, heavy fighting ensued. Dayan had ordered his troops not to enter the Old City; however, upon hearing that the UN was about to declare a ceasefire, he changed his mind, and without cabinet clearance, decided to capture it.^[5]

Jerusalem Day is an Israeli national holiday that commemorates the "reunification" of East Jerusalem (including the Old City) with West Jerusalem following the Six-Day War of 1967, which saw Israel occupy East Jerusalem and the West Bank, effectively annexing the former. It is celebrated annually on 28 Iyar on the Hebrew calendar, and is marked officially throughout Israel with state ceremonies and memorial services. A notable celebration that marks the holiday is a flag-flying parade known as the Dance of Flags. The Chief Rabbinate of Israel declared Jerusalem Day to be a minor religious holiday, as it marks the regaining for Jewish people of access to the Western Wall.^[6]

General Assembly Resolutions 2253^[7] and 2254^[8] of July 4 and 14, 1967, respectively, considered Israeli activity in Eastern Jerusalem illegal and asked Israel to cancel those activities and especially not to change the features of the city.^[9] On 21 May 1968, United Nations Security Council Resolution 252 invalidated legal and administrative measures by Israel in violation of UNGA Resolutions 2253 and 2254 and required those measures be rescinded.^[10]

UN criticism since 1967 includes UNSC resolutions in addition to 252, 267 (1969), 298 (1971) and resolution 476 (1980), regretting changes in the characteristics of Jerusalem, and resolution 478 (1980), where UN Member States were asked to withdraw their embassies from the city.^[11] Resolution 478 also "condemned in "the strongest terms" the enactment of Israeli law proclaiming a change in status of Jerusalem." while Resolution 2334 of 2016 condemned all Israeli settlements in occupied territory including East Jerusalem.^[12]

Under Jordanian rule no Jews were permitted to live in the city, which was governed as part of the Jordanian rule West Bank, and the Christian population plummeted, falling from 25,000 to 9,000.^[13]

Freedom of worship by members of all faiths was restored immediately following reunification. The narrow, approximately 120 square metres (1,300 sq ft) pre-1948 alley along the wall used informally for Jewish prayer was enlarged to 2,400 square metres (26,000 sq ft), with the entire Western Wall Plaza covering 20,000 square metres (4.9 acres).^[14] The Mugrabi Quarter was bulldozed in order to expand the plaza. In later years, synagogues demolished during the Jordanian rule, including the Hurva Synagogue were rebuilt.^[15]

Under the direction of Nahman Avigad, the city's Jewish Quarter, which had largely lain in rubble, was carefully excavated before being rebuilt.^[16][17] The complete rebuilding of the city's historic Jewish Quarter offered a virtually blank slate for city planners.^[18][19] The reunification is celebrated by the annual Jerusalem Day, and Israeli national holiday. Special celebrations in 2017 to marked the Jubilee of the 1967 reunification.^[20]

• Six-Day war
• Jerusalem Day
• Arab-Israeli conflict
• Western Wall
• Al-Aqsa mosque
• Jordanian campaign (1967)
• Status of Jerusalem

• This is related to the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Six-Day War
• The battle caused the Israeli occupation of the West Bank