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The American city of Buffalo, New York hosted two suffrage parades in its history: the first on June 14, 1913 and the second on June 6, 1914.[1] Buffalo was home to both pro- and anti- suffrage groups such as the Political Equality League of Buffalo and the Buffalo Association Opposed to Women Suffrage. Buffalonians were also part of national and state groups such as the New York State Women Suffrage Association, National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, the National Association for Colored Women, the Niagara Movement, and the Men's League for Woman Suffrage.[2]
Before the 1913 Buffalo suffrage parade, New York state had already witnessed its first parade in 1908 in New York City.[2] Parades in New York City continued in 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913.[3][4][5][6] Three months before the Buffalo parade, women paraded in Washington D.C. advocating for women's suffrage.[7] Leading up to the Buffalo 1913 suffrage parade, more and more cities in New York State had held suffrage parades, including Watertown, Utica, Syracuse, Newburgh, and Albany. Rochester and Elmira had their parades after Buffalo.[1]
The 1913 parade began at the William McKinley monument and walked down Niagara St. Marchers then went on Franklin St., Church St, Main St., North St., and then Delaware St. returning to the McKinley monument.[8] Parade organizers obtained permission and help from Mayor Louis P. Fuhrmann to clear the streets for the parade. Nellie Shuler was a major organizer of the parade. Shuler was the executive secretary of the NAWSA. Anna (also mentioned as Ann and Anne) Rhodes of the Women's Progressive Organization with her experience in past parades advised the Buffalonians.[9][10][11] The parade marched in five divisions:[12]
The Buffalo Evening Times headline read that 250,000 people watched the parade and more than 1,000 Buffalonians participated. Marchers wore the suffrage colors white and yellow/gold. Marshals wore white straw hats with yellow flowers and everyone else white straw hats with yellow rosette ribbon. Participants wore sashes reading "votes for women." Signs also read "Hasn't your wife brains enough to vote!" "We want pure politics," "We want good factory laws," "More ballots less bullets," "we work --we know," "Women wage-earners," and "Lackawanna women vote on school questions, tax appropriations."[8]
Some of the marchers came from out of town. Rosalie Jones from New York City was known for marches from Manhattan to Albany and Manhattan to Washington D.C. Inez Milholland, who was best known for riding horseback in the D.C. march, scheduled to come with Jones, but had to cancel last minute. Washington State Senator Miles Poindexter and his wife Elizabeth Poindexter (nee Page) also joined. Washington State had granted women suffrage in 1883. Suffragist Ella S. Stewart came from Chicago. Women all over western New York joined the parade as shown in the fourth division. After the march a large meeting was held at Elmwood Music Hall [13][14][8][15][1]
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