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Eelam War I

Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War
Eelam War I
Part of the Sri Lankan Civil War
Date
  • 23 July 1983 – 29 July 1987 (1983-07-23 – 1987-07-29)
    (4 years and 6 days)
Location
Sri Lanka
Result Peace deal negotiated by India, and arrival of Indian peacekeepers
Belligerents

 Sri Lanka

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Commanders and leaders
Sri Lanka J.R. Jayewardene
Lt. Gen T. I. Weerathunga
Lt. Gen Nalin Seneviratne		 Velupillai Prabhakaran

Eelam War I (23 July 1983 - 29 July 1987) is the name given to the initial phase of the armed conflict between the government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE.[1]

Although tensions between the government and Tamil militant groups had been brewing since the 1970s, full-scale war did not break out until an attack by the LTTE on a Sri Lanka Army patrol in Jaffna, in the north of the country, on July 23, 1983, which killed 13 soldiers.[2] The attack, and the subsequent riots in the south (dubbed Black July), are generally considered the start of the conflict. The fighting continued until 1985 when peace talks were held between the two sides in Thimphu, Bhutan in hopes of seeking a negotiated settlement.[3] The peace talks proved as fruitless and fighting soon resumed.

On May 17, 1986, the Sri Lankan military launched an offensive to take control of the Jaffna peninsula but was met with fierce resistance from the LTTE which forced the Sri Lankan Army to withdraw after three days of intense fighting. Thereafter, the Sri Lankan military strategy shifted to mortar shelling and aerial bombing which drove the Tamil population out of the eastern coast of the Jaffna peninsula.[4]

In 1987, the Vadamarachchi Operation of the Sri Lankan military had cornered the LTTE in Jaffna, on the tip of the island, and were confident of bringing an end to the conflict. However, due to internal pressure, specifically concern about the 50 million Tamils living in India, the Indian government called for a halt to the offensive. After the request was snubbed by Sri Lanka, the Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi ordered a flotilla of ships be sent to relieve the economic embargo imposed on the population in Jaffna. After the convoy was blocked by the Sri Lanka Navy, India instead chose to airdrop supplies to the besieged city in a mission codenamed Operation Poomalai.[5]

Following the successful completion of the mission, and faced with the possibility of further involvement of the Indian military, including reports that Indian ground forces were being prepared for possible involvement in Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka President J. R. Jayewardene held talks with the Indian government to resolve the dispute. As a result of the negotiations, the siege of Jaffna was lifted and the Indo-Sri-Lankan Peace Accord was signed on July 29, 1987. Sri Lankan troops then withdraw from the north of the country and handed over control over the entire area to Indian peacekeeping troops named the Indian Peace Keeping Force. This brought about an end to the first stage of the ethnic conflict.

First suicide bombing

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Main article: Captain Miller

In this armed conflict, the LTTE launched its first suicide attack with a truck bombing. On 5 July 1987, a suicide bomber Captain Miller drove a truck loaded with explosives and rammed the truck into the army camp at Nelliady Madhya Maha Vidyalayam.[6][7][8] At least 40 Sri Lankan army were killed in that incident.[9][10]

Civilian killings

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Black July

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Main article: Black July

On July 24, the day the 13 servicemen killed in an LTTE ambush were to be buried, some Sinhalese civilians who had gathered at the cemetery, angered by news of the ambush, which was magnified by wild rumor,[11] formed mobs and started killing, raping, and assaulting Tamils while looting and burning their properties in retribution for what happened. Sinhalese civilians were equipped with voter registration lists, burning and attacking only Tamil residences and business, while army and government officials stood by. Even Sinhalese civilians who harbored Tamil families in their households (or suspected of doing so) were set upon by the mobs.[12] According to Tamil Center for Human Rights (TCHR), the total number of Tamils killed in the Black July pogrom was 5,638.[13]

Kent and Dollar Farm massacres

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Main article: Kent and Dollar Farm massacres

In November 1984, Sinhalese convicts were settled in the Kent and Dollar farms after the Tamil civilians living there were evicted by the Sri Lankan Army. The settlement of prisoners was used to further harass Tamils into leaving the area. The Sinhala settlers confirmed that young Tamil women were abducted, brought there and gang-raped, first by the forces, next by prison guards and finally by prisoners.[14][15][16]

Following this settlement, the LTTE committed their first massacre of Sinhalese civilians. The massacres took place on November 30, 1984, in two tiny farming villages in the district of Mullaitivu in north-eastern Sri Lanka.

Anuradhapura massacre

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Main article: Anuradhapura massacre

The Anuradhapura massacre is an incident on May 14, 1985, in which LTTE cadres massacred 146 Sinhalese men, women, and children in Anuradhapura. The LTTE hijacked a bus and entered Anuradhapura. As the LTTE cadres entered the main bus station, they opened fire indiscriminately with automatic weapons killing and wounding many civilians who were waiting for buses. LTTE cadres then drove to the Buddhist Sri Maha Bobhi shrine and gunned down nuns, monks and civilians as they prayed inside the Buddhist shrine. Before they withdrew, the LTTE strike force entered the national park of Wilpattu and killed 18 Sinhalese in the forest reserve. The attack was allegedly sparked by the 1985 Valvettiturai massacre, where the Sri Lanka Army massacred 70 Tamil civilians in the LTTE's leader hometown.[17]

Prawn farm massacre

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Main article: Prawn farm massacre

The Prawn farm massacre, also known as the 1987 Kokkadichcholai massacre, took place on January 27, 1987 in the village of Kokkadichcholai in Batticaloa District. At least 83 Tamil civilians were killed.[18][19] The Special Task Force (STF), an elite special forces unit of the Sri Lanka Police, was accused of having perpetrated the massacre.[19][20] The STF entered the village from Vellaveli, Kondavedduvan, Kaluvanchikudi and Kallandy camps in trucks. At a nearby junction, a vehicle was parked and some STF officers exited the vehicle and walked into the prawn farm. The STF gathered up the farm employees, checked their identity cards and herded them onto a semi-trailer; they were taken to a road junction and shot dead. Seven of the victims were boys aged 12 to 14. Forty non-employees who had sought refuge in the farm were also shot and killed. The bodies were later burnt on piles of old tires obtained by the security forces from the town's bus depot.[21]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Castellano, Isaac M (2015). Civil War Interventions and Their Benefits: Unequal Return. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7391-8887-3. OCLC 1030344604.
  2. ^ Skaine, Rosemarie (2013). Suicide warfare: culture, the military, and the individual as a weapon. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-313-39864-3. OCLC 845245192.
  3. ^ O'Ballance, Edgar (1989). The cyanide war: Tamil insurrection in Sri Lanka, 1973-88. London; Washington [D.C.]; Elmsford, N.Y., USA: Brassey's (UK) ; Pergamon Press [distributor for the U.S. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-08-036695-1. OCLC 1000745010.
  4. ^ Parthasarathy, Malini (June 13, 1986). "A military and political misadventure". Frontline. pp. 17–20.
  5. ^ Weisman, Steven R. (5 June 1987). "India Airlifts Aid To Tamil Rebels". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  6. ^ Tamkin, Emily (22 April 2019). "Sri Lanka is all too familiar with suicide bombing". Washington Post. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  7. ^ Halder, Radhika; Patney, Vinod; KW Publishers (New Delhi, India); Centre for Air Power Studies (New Delhi, India) (2020). Understanding suicide terrorism. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-367-43838-8. OCLC 1114504557.
  8. ^ "Two decades later, LTTE suicide bombers live on | Asia News". Zee News. Zee News. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  9. ^ Lahiri, Simanti (2013). Suicide protest in South Asia: consumed by commitment. London: Routledge. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-415-82099-8. OCLC 876346345.
  10. ^ Hawdon, James; Ryan, John; Lucht, Marc (2016). The causes and consequences of group violence from bullies to terrorists. Lanham, Maryland. pp. 98, 99. ISBN 978-0-7391-8897-2. OCLC 1200098709.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ O'Ballance, Edgar (1989). The cyanide war: Tamil insurrection in Sri Lanka, 1973-88. London; Washington [D.C.]; Elmsford, N.Y., USA: Brassey's (UK) ; Pergamon Press [distributor for the U.S. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-08-036695-1. OCLC 1000745010.
  12. ^ "Vanakam Fable and the Sinhalese helping hands". Asiantribune.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  13. ^ "Recorded figures of Arrests, Killings, Disappearances".
  14. ^ Rajan Hoole – The Arrogance of Power, Chapter 14, Section 3 - On to Weli Oya (2001)
  15. ^ T.Sabaratnam - Pirapaharan Chapter 23, Manal Aru becomes Weli Oya (2004)
  16. ^ University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna) Sri Lanka, Information Bulletin No.4, 13 February 1995, Padaviya-Weli Oya: bearing the burden of ideology http://www.uthr.org/bulletins/bul4.htm
  17. ^ M.R.R.Hoole, The Tamil Secessionist Movement in Sri Lanka (Ceylon): A Case of Secession by Default? http://www.uthr.org/Rajan/selfdet.htm
  18. ^ Rajasingam, K. T (2002-03-30). "Sri Lanka: The untold Story, Chapter 33: India shows its hand". Asian Times. Archived from the original on 2002-04-07. Retrieved 2007-07-18.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. ^ a b McConnell, D. (2008). "The Tamil people's right to self-determination". Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 21 (1): 59–76. doi:10.1080/09557570701828592. S2CID 154770852.
  20. ^ Hoole, Rajan (2002-05-14). "Kokkadichcholai massacre and after". University Teachers for Human Rights. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  21. ^ "Military operations in the East". The Island (Sri Lanka). 1987-02-04.
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