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Enggano people

Enggano
E Lopeh
An Enggano man performing a war dance.
Total population
1,500 (2000)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia (Enggano Island)
Languages
Enggano language, Indonesian language
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholicism), Islam (Sunni), Folk religion (animism, totemism, ancestral worship)
Related ethnic groups
Batak and Nias

The Enggano people are an isolated, but contacted, tribe which inhabits Enggano Island. Enggano Island is a small island located adjacent to the southwest coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. The population of Enggano people is not closely tracked. As such, no population estimates beyond the year 2000 appear to exist. Furthermore, the estimates from 1990 and 2000 are not in agreement. The source for the year 2000 estimates that there were 1,500 Enggano people inhabiting the island,[1] while the 1999 source estimates that there were approximately 1,000 Enggano people inhabiting the island.[2] However, both sources agree that the population is likely to continue decreasing.

The Enggano people are further divided into 5 tribes, namely Kauno, Kaitora, Kaarubi, Kaharuba, and Kaahoao, each of them are led by a tribal chief.[3]

Language

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The Enggano language is generally classified as being part of the Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands subgroup of the Austronesian languages.[2] However, its actual classification is controversial.[4] Some suggest that it's its own primary branch of Malayo-Ploynesian - or even a language isolate.

Enggano is known for sharing few words with other Austronesian languages, having many unusual sound changes on those it does, and other irregularities between it and its relatives. Some features more closely resemble languages from Melanesia and Eastern Indonesia Austronesian languages than its own West Indonesian neighbours and relatives.

It is unclear whether its words and grammar derive from heavy internal changes, or that the language is actually an isolate that borrowed heavily from Austronesian.

Due to cultural and some linguistic similarities with the Nicobarese, there was a theory that it was Austroasiatic. However, this has been debunked.

Origin and social structure

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Enggano warriors in traditional war attire and Ekajo javelin from Bengkulu.

The Enggano people are one of the oldest tribes of Sumatra. They were first encountered by Portuguese explorers in the early 1500s, and at that time referred to themselves as E Lopeh people.[5] Ethnically, they are closely related to the indigenous tribes of Java and Sumatra, from where migration flows directly to Enggano Island.[6] The most anthropologically related people of the Enggano people are the Batak and Nias people, and they are distantly related to the Lampung people (Abung and Pepaduan).[7]

The social organization of the Enggano people largely resembles the social model of the Nias people and retains the paternal features of the family. Rural communities are of a neighbor-large-family type. The main social unit is marga or merga (surname), an expanded genus whose members are descended from a common male ancestor and retain its name, usually legendary. Outsiders from other margas that came later also live in the settlement. Within the marga there are also saompu, large patriarchal families, where each of them occupies one house. A large family has land and is governed by its elder. Communities are governed by elective village councils.[7]

Depiction of Enggano islander by Dutch, 1596.

It is thought that they strictly observe matrilineal exogamous traditions, where men and children of the village belong to the marga of their forefathers, while wives are taken from other marga. One cannot marry into the same marga or to a woman from the marga from which the groom's sister marries. But this is not exactly the case, as Enggano couples from the same clan are still allowed to married, provided they are of a different sub-clan.[8] The core family unit in Enggano society is based on monogamous marriage, as polygamy is strictly forbidden.[9] Marriage settlement is patrilocal. A married woman passes into the family of her husband and takes on his surname, preserving it as her family name. The groom's father allocates a piece of land to his son, the child that receives the family name of his father.[7]

Modern political orientation

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Enggano women play the role of the peacemaker dancers in the Enggano war dance.

Today, the Enggano people, due to prolonged cultural isolation, are on the verge of extinction. They are alien to the neighboring peoples, for example, unlike the Batak people in recent decades, the appearance and growth of ethnic self-awareness are prevalent, especially among the mainstream Indonesians.[10]

Religion

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Among the Enggano people, approximately equal parts of the population profess Islam (mainly Sunni) and Christianity (mainly Catholicism). Apart from that, there are places where animism,[11] totemism, and ancestral worship are still being preserved.[2]

Traditional settlement

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Enggano settlements are structurally cumulus. Their houses have stilt frames, stacked and rectangular in shape (whereas in the past, they were rounded), while the walls and roof are strengthened by rigid leaves.[2]

Lifestyle

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The Enggano people engage in manual farming (maize, yam, peanuts, taro, coconut palm), hunting for turtles, breeding of chickens, and fishing. Handicrafts include weaving, pottery, woodcarving, making of masks and necklaces, weaving mats and ornaments from beads.[2] Wood carvings by the Enggano people have resemble those in Polynesia.[12]

Enggano men wear kain loincloths of various lengths, and the length of the kain in direct proportion testifies to the economic status of its wearer. Enggano women always wear long kain. Men's outer garment is a shirt with long sleeves and a blind collar, while women have a shirt without a collar.[7]

Enggano food is mainly vegetable, and rice is usually bought.[2]

Due to limited currency circulation on the island, items are usually obtained through bartering rather than buying and selling.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Enggano". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-01-08.
  2. ^ a b c d e f В.А. Тишков, ed. (1998). "Научное издательство "Большая российская энциклопедия". Народы и религии мира: энциклопедия. Большая Российская Энциклопедия. p. 653.
  3. ^ "Rusa Bertanduk dan Asal Usul Masyarakat Enggano". daerah.sindonews.com. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  4. ^ Edwards, Owen (2015). "The Position of Enggano within Austronesian". Oceanic Linguistics. 51 (4). doi:10.1353/ol.2015.0001. hdl:1885/224517. ISSN 0029-8115.
  5. ^ Thomas Koten, ed. (5 December 2017). "Kisah Sepasang Manusia yang Melahirkan Suku Enggano di Ujung Barat Sumatera". Netral News. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  6. ^ Reimar Schefold, P. Nas & Gaudenz Domenig, ed. (2008). Indonesian Houses, Volume 2. Singapore University Press. p. 468. ISBN 978-90-671-8305-5.
  7. ^ a b c d А.А. Губера, ed. (1966). Народы Юго-Восточной Азии: этнографические очерки. АН СССР, Ин-т этнографии им. Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая. pp. 531–534.
  8. ^ Pieter ter Keurs (2006). Condensed Reality: A Study of Material Culture ; Case Studies from Siassi (Papua New Guinea) and Enggano (Indonesia). Amsterdam University Press. p. 186. ISBN 90-578-9112-3.
  9. ^ Koentjaraningrat & V. Simorangkir (1993). "Departemen Sosial dan Dewan Nasional Indonesia Untuk Kesejahteraan Sosial". Masyarakat terasing di Indonesia. Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 86. ISBN 97-951-1676-2.
  10. ^ Н. А. Симония & Людмила Федоровна Пахомова (1983). "Институт востоковедения (Академия наук СССР)". Индонезия, справочник. Изд-во "Наука," Глав. ред. восточной лит-ры. pp. 17–31.
  11. ^ James Louis Garvin, Franklin Henry Hooper & Warren Earle Cox, ed. (1929). The Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 21. Encyclopedia Britannica Company, Limited. p. 550.
  12. ^ Nias: tribal treasures: cosmic reflections in stone, wood, and gold. Volkenkundig Museum Nusantara. 1990. p. 23. ISBN 90-714-2305-0.
  13. ^ Sulaiman, Nurni (4 June 2012). "Enggano people still barter". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2023-03-24.