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Huamachuco

Huamachuco
Town
Flag of Huamachuco
Flag
Official seal of Huamachuco
Seal
Huamachuco is located in Peru
Huamachuco
Huamachuco
Coordinates: 7°48′43.3″S 78°02′55.3″W / 7.812028°S 78.048694°W / -7.812028; -78.048694
Country Peru
RegionLa Libertad
ProvinceSánchez Carrión
DistrictHuamachuco
Government
 • MayorBenito Robert Contreras Morales
Elevation
3,169 m (10,397 ft)
Population
 • Estimate 
(2015)[1]
39,806
Time zoneUTC-5 (PET)
WebsiteOfficial website
Panoramic view of the city of Haumachuco
View of the nearby Andes and farmland
The square Plaza Mayor

Huamachuco (possibly from Quechua waman, falcon or variable hawk, and Kulyi chuco, earth or land, "land of falcons") is a town in northern Peru and capital of the province Sánchez Carrión in La Libertad Region. The city is the seat of the Territorial Prelature of Huamachuco. Lake Sausacocha lies to the northeast.

About 30 miles away, within the Huamachuco district, is the significant archeological site of Marcahuamachuco. It is a complex of monuments, a prehistoric political and religious center of a culture that thrived 350 CE-1100 CE. The ruins of a Wari city, Viracochapampa, are located 3.5 km north of Huamachuco. Additionally there are many other pre-Columbian ruins around the town.

History

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The area surrounding the town exhibits early occupations of ancient Andean civilizations. Before the advent of the Incas the area was united under a single political entity referred to as the "Señorio de Huamachuco" (Huamachuco lordship) by colonial chroniclers,[2] a Kulyi-speaking polity that had as their main deity the thunder god of Catequil, an oracle and the principal wak'a of the Huamachucos, later incorporated into the official Inca pantheon, whose shrine was located in the center of Huamachucos' territory, archaeologists have identified the mountain of Cerro Icchal with Catequil (both as the seat of the wak'a and as the wak'a himself),[3] the ruins of Namanchugo, Catequil's main sanctuary,[4] are situated at the hillfoot of the Cerro Icchal mountain, although it has been largely destroyed by Atawallpa[5] and colonial priests, its magnificence and importance was recorded by colonial chroniclers, Catequil was a famous god venerated through the northern Peruvian highlands and beyond since pre-Inca times,[6] pilgrims seeking to find answers were one of the main sources of income to the Huamachucos, the shrine prosperity is perhaps one of the reasons why the area surrounding Huamachuco does not seem to have been seriously affected, as large parts of the Peruvian highlands were, by the demographic collapse following the end of the Middle Horizon era (Wari state's demise),[7] rather population growth appears to be continuous in the area.[8]

Indigenous settlement patterns within the Huamachuco area can be divided into 8 phases:[9]

The Tuscan phase, the penultimate phase, corresponds to the historical autonomous domain of Huamachuco. And the Santa Barbara phase corresponds to the Inca domination of Huamachuco.[10] The Huamachuco domain or kingdom probably established its capital at Marcahuamachuco, the ruins of Marcahuamachuco shows evident occupation since the Early-Huamachuco phase up to the Tuscan phase.[11] Following the Inca conquest, the Marcahuamachuco population was likely resettled where the modern town of Huamachuco stands today.[12]

The town of Huamachuco was originally built by the Inca as their main installation in the zone,[11][13] Huamachuco became the capital seat of an Inca province (wamani) of the same name.[14] The Inca town of Huamachuco doesn't seem to have been built upon any previous settlement,[11] the pre-Inca hill fort of Cerro Tuscán, overlooking the town, seems to have been enhanced to protect the Inca settlement.[13] With the Incas came enclaves of settlers called mitmaqkuna and an extensive system of tambos was built in the area, both things supported by archaeological research.[15] The Inca administrative center of Huamachuco was a stopover on the main Inca highway of Cusco to Quito, the "Qhapaq Ñan" or "Royal Road". The Incas built at least 215 colca storehouses on the hillslopes surrounding the town,[11] roughly half of these have floors elevated on stone pillars, the other storerooms have canals running under the floors, these were probably for tubers.[11]

The Spanish foundation of Huamachuco was made in 1553 by Augustinian missionaries on top of Inca's Huamachuco. During the Peruvian War of Independence, it was named as a very illustrious and faithful city by General Jose de San Martin. During the War of the Pacific, Huamachuco was the scene of the Battle of Huamachuco (10 July 1883), the final episode of the Pacific War where troops led by Andrés Avelino Cáceres were defeated by Chilean troops under Colonel Alejandro Gorostiaga.

Etymology

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It is not clear whether the name of the city comes from the Kulyi language, the autochthonous language of the area,[16] or from Quechua, a language from central Peru that reached its heyday during the Inca Empire. Most scholars believe the name to be of a mixed origin between both languages, it would mean "land of falcons" or "country of falcons". The name Huamachuco can be divided into two words, "huama" and "chuco", it has been postulated that huama comes from the Quechua word waman which means falcon, as it has no known meaning in Kulyi, a poorly attested extinct language, while chuco is of likely Kulyi origin,[17] meaning earth, land, region, or country, being a commonly used term throughout the toponymy of the region, alternatively written as chugo. Otherwise, chuco can be translated as helmet or headwear in Quechua, which would give the city the meaning of "falcon hat", however, modern linguists deny that such is the right meaning of the city's name.

Geography

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Huamachuco is located between the eastern and western cordillera of the Andes Mountains, and 100 km south of Cajamarca.

It has highland areas that range from 2500 to 4500 m. above sea level. Because of the heights, most of Huamachuco's land is treeless. The high-altitude grassland is known as puna. The highland is bounded on the east and west by two parallel sierra ranges. The puna grasslands were ideal habitats for deer and wild camelids. They also supported the domesticated camelids: alpacas and llamas.

Municipal Theatre, Huamachuco

Huamachuco's deep valley slopes show evidence of deliberate farming of native Andean trees and shrub vegetation. It appears that in prehistoric times, the temperature of the land was slightly warmer than today, allowing agriculture at elevations 100–300 m. higher than is possible in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Climate

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Huamachuco has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb)[18] with consistently cool temperatures. Huamachuco has a dry season from June to August.

Climate data for Huamachuco, elevation 3,186 m (10,453 ft), (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		19.2
(66.6) 		19.5
(67.1) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.6
(65.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		8.0
(46.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		7.6
(45.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		5.8
(42.4) 		5.4
(41.7) 		5.7
(42.3) 		6.8
(44.2) 		7.1
(44.8) 		6.5
(43.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		6.9
(44.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 118.2
(4.65) 		145.0
(5.71) 		176.4
(6.94) 		97.1
(3.82) 		50.3
(1.98) 		16.6
(0.65) 		10.0
(0.39) 		11.5
(0.45) 		38.8
(1.53) 		102.9
(4.05) 		96.4
(3.80) 		135.6
(5.34) 		998.8
(39.31)
Source: National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru[19]

Banks

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Perú: Población estimada al 30 de junio y tasa de crecimiento de las ciudades capitales, por departamento, 2011 y 2015. Perú: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población total por sexo de las principales ciudades, 2012-2015 (Report). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. March 2012. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
  2. ^ Mora, César Gálvez; Rochietti, Ana (2018-03-20). Patrimonio cultural del Perú: Humanidad andina (in Spanish). Eduvim. p. 176. ISBN 978-987-699-220-6.
  3. ^ Mujica, Sonia Alconini; Covey, Alan (2018). The Oxford Handbook of the Incas. Oxford University Press. p. 526. ISBN 978-0-19-021935-2.
  4. ^ Mujica, Sonia Alconini; Covey, Alan (2018). The Oxford Handbook of the Incas. Oxford University Press. p. 527. ISBN 978-0-19-021935-2.
  5. ^ Greenblatt, Stephen (1993-03-12). New World Encounters. University of California. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-520-08021-8.
  6. ^ Cultura andina y sentido común: norte del Perú (in Spanish). Industria Gráfica Libertad SAC. 2006.
  7. ^ noahm. "Upcoming Scholarly Event". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  8. ^ Marcus, Joyce; Williams, Patrick Ryan (2009-12-31). Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley. ISD LLC. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-938770-36-4.
  9. ^ Marcus, Joyce; Williams, Patrick Ryan (2009-12-31). Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley. ISD LLC. pp. 211–240. ISBN 978-1-938770-36-4.
  10. ^ Marcus, Joyce; Williams, Patrick Ryan (2009-12-31). Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley. ISD LLC. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-938770-36-4.
  11. ^ a b c d e Marcus, Joyce; Williams, Patrick Ryan (2009-12-31). Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley. ISD LLC. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-938770-36-4.
  12. ^ Malpass, Michael A. (1993). Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the Inca State. University of Iowa Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-87745-426-7.
  13. ^ a b Haas, Jonathan; Pozorski, Shelia; Pozorski, Thomas (1987-08-06). The Origins and Development of the Andean State. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-521-33102-9.
  14. ^ Duthurburu, José Antonio del Busto (1994). Historia general del Perú: Las culturas preíncas (in Spanish). Editorial Brasa. p. 526.
  15. ^ Duthurburu, José Antonio del Busto (1994). Historia general del Perú: Las culturas preíncas (in Spanish). Editorial Brasa. p. 540.
  16. ^ Lau, George F. (2011-04-16). Andean Expressions: Art and Archaeology of the Recuay Culture. University of Iowa Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-58729-974-2.
  17. ^ Adelaar, Willem F. H. (2004-06-10). The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge University Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-1-139-45112-3.
  18. ^ "Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria". Nature: Scientific Data. 23 October 2023.
  19. ^ "Normales Climáticas Estándares y Medias 1991-2020". National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
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7°48′43.3″S 78°2′55.3″W / 7.812028°S 78.048694°W / -7.812028; -78.048694