Johann Friedrich Meckel

Johann Friedrich Meckel ForMemRS
Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger
Born	17 October 1781 Halle, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
Died	31 October 1833(1833-10-31) (aged 52)
Nationality	German
Alma mater	University of Halle
Known for	teratology
Scientific career
Fields	anatomy, pathology
Institutions	University of Halle

Johann Friedrich Meckel (17 October 1781 – 31 October 1833), often referred to as Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger, was a German anatomist born in Halle. He worked as a professor of anatomy, pathology and zoology at the University of Halle, Germany.

In 1802, he received his medical doctorate from the University of Halle, defending his doctoral thesis De cordis conditionibus abnormibus on 8 April 1802. At Halle he had as instructors, Kurt Sprengel (1766-1833) and Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813). After graduation, Meckel continued his education in Würzburg, Vienna and Paris. In Paris, he assisted zoologist Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) with systematic analysis of anatomical and zootomical specimens. In 1810 he finished translating Cuvier's five-volume Leçons d’anatomie Comparée from French into German.

In 1808, he became a full professor of normal and pathological anatomy, surgery and obstetrics at the University of Halle, replacing Justus Christian Loder (1753-1832). From 1826 to 1833, he was editor of the Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie. In 1829, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Meckel adopted naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744–1829) evolutionary beliefs. He was a pioneer in the science of teratology, in particular the study of birth defects and abnormalities that occur during embryonic development. He believed that abnormal development adhered to the same natural laws as did normal development. With French embryologist Étienne Serres (1786–1868), the "Meckel-Serres Law" is named, defined as a theory of parallelism between the stages of ontogeny and the stages of a unifying pattern in the organic world ("scala naturae").^[1]

The following eponymous terms are named after him:^[2]

• Meckel's diverticulum – an out-pouching of the ileum, part of the small intestine, and found in approximately 2% of the population.
• Meckel's cartilage – A cartilaginous bar from which the mandible is formed. Described in 1820.
• A syndrome – Meckel syndrome – is also named after him. This condition was described in 1822.
• A protein – mecklin – the gene for which is found on chromosome 8 (8q21.3-q22.1) is named after him.
• The supposed Meckel-Serres Law of recapitulation in embryology.

His grandfather was also named "Johann Friedrich Meckel". In order to avoid confusion, he is often referred to as Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder. The elder Meckel was also a professor of anatomy, and he too has anatomical structures named after him.

His father, Philipp Friedrich Theodor Meckel (1755–1803), was also an anatomist.

His brother, August Albrecht Meckel (1789–1829), practiced legal medicine and investigated avian anatomy but died prematurely from tuberculosis.

August's son – Johann Heinrich Meckel (1821–1856) – was the professor of pathologic anatomy at the University of Berlin that his great-grandfather had held at the Charité. After his death also from pulmonary disease, his position was filled by Rudolf Virchow.

• Meckel syndrome
• Meckel diverticulum

• Johann Friedrich Meckel @ Who Named It
• Klunker, Rudyard; Göbbel Luminita; Musil Anette; Tönnies Holger; Schultka Rüdiger (November 2002). "[Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger (1781–1833) and modern teratology]". Ann. Anat. 184 (6): 535–40. doi:10.1016/s0940-9602(02)80093-0. PMID 12489337.
• Göbbel, Luminita; Schultka Rüdiger (November 2002). "[The scholarly program of Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger (1781–1833) and it importance for the development of life sciences]". Ann. Anat. 184 (6): 519–22. doi:10.1016/s0940-9602(02)80091-7. PMID 12489335.
• Schultka, Rüdiger; Göbbel Luminita (November 2002). "[Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger (1781–1833), an extremely important naturalist and scholar]". Ann. Anat. 184 (6): 503–8. doi:10.1016/S0940-9602(02)80089-9. PMID 12489333.
• Edmonson, J M (July 2001). "Johann Friedrich Meckel the younger: Meckel's diverticulum". Gastrointest. Endosc. 54 (1): 19A–20A. doi:10.1016/S0016-5107(01)70150-2. PMID 11508254.
• Daniels, I R (June 2000). "Historical perspectives on health: Johann Friedrich Meckel the younger and his diverticulum". Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 120 (2): 125–6. doi:10.1177/146642400012000211. PMID 10944888. S2CID 221560236.
• Seidler, E; Mullen, Pierce; Opitz, John M. (August 1984). "Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger (1781–1833)". Am. J. Med. Genet. 18 (4): 571–86. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320180406. PMID 6385706.
• Gluecklich, B (September 1976). "Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger (1781–1833)". Am. J. Surg. 132 (3): 384–6. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(76)90398-6. PMID 786056.
• Clark, O E (July 1969). "The contributions of J.F. Meckel, the Younger, to the science of teratology". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 24 (3): 310–22. doi:10.1093/jhmas/XXIV.3.310. PMID 4894391.

• Media related to Johann Friedrich Meckel at Wikimedia Commons