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Kathleen Hanna

Kathleen Hanna
Hanna performing in London, 2016
Born (1968-11-12) November 12, 1968 (age 56)
Portland, Oregon, U.S.
Other namesJulie Ruin
Alma materThe Evergreen State College
Occupations
  • Musician
  • activist
  • writer
Spouse
​
(m. 2006)​
[1]
Children1
Musical career
OriginOlympia, Washington
Genres
Instruments
Years active1989–present
LabelsKill Rock Stars
Member ofThe Julie Ruin, Bikini Kill, Le Tigre
Formerly ofViva Knievel, Suture

Kathleen Hanna (born November 12, 1968) is an American singer, musician and pioneer of the feminist punk riot grrrl movement, and punk zine writer. In the early-to-mid-1990s, she was the lead singer of feminist punk band Bikini Kill,[2][3] and then fronted the electropunk band Le Tigre in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Since 2010, she has recorded as the Julie Ruin.[4]

In 2009, Hanna made her zines, art pieces, photography, video, music, journals, and other material which focus on the early formation of the Riot Grrrl movement available at the Fales Library at New York University. A documentary film about Hanna was released in 2013 by director Sini Anderson, titled The Punk Singer, detailing Hanna's life and career, as well as revealing her years-long battle with Lyme disease. Hanna is married to Adam Horovitz of the Beastie Boys.[1]

Life and career

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1968–1988: Early life and feminism

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Hanna was born November 12, 1968, in Portland, Oregon.[5] At age three, her family moved to Calverton, Maryland; as Hanna's father changed occupations, the family moved several more times.[5] Hanna first became interested in feminism around the age of nine, after her mother took her to a rally in Washington, D.C. where feminist icon Gloria Steinem spoke.[6] In a 2000 interview with BUST magazine, Hanna recalled: "My mom was a housewife and wasn't somebody that people would think of as a feminist, and when Ms. magazine came out we were incredibly inspired by it. I used to cut pictures out of it and make posters that said 'Girls can do anything', and stuff like that, and my mom was inspired to work at a basement of a church doing anti-domestic violence work. Then she took me to the Solidarity Day thing, and it was the first time I had ever been in a big crowd of women yelling, and it really made me want to do it forever."[7]

Hanna's interest grew when her mother checked out a copy of Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique from the library. Their involvement in the women's rights movement was done quietly during Hanna's childhood, due to her father's disapproval.[8]

Upon her parents' divorce, Hanna returned to Portland and attended Lincoln High School and Grant High School.[9] After high school, she relocated from Portland to Olympia, Washington, to attend The Evergreen State College in the late 1980s. During this time she worked as a stripper to pay her tuition.[10][11][12] "My parents didn't go to college. I felt lucky [to attend]."[13] While at Evergreen, with fellow student and photographer Aaron Baush-Greene, she set up a photo exhibit featuring the pair's photography, which dealt with sexism, violence against women, and AIDS – issues that were heightened for Hanna when she volunteered for SafePlace, a domestic violence organization.[14] However, the school administrators took the photos down before they had the chance to be viewed, an act of censorship that prompted what Hanna refers to as her "first foray into activism": the creation of Reko Muse, an independent feminist art gallery, with friends Heidi Arbogast and Tammy Rae Carland.[14]

Hanna began doing spoken word performances that addressed sexism and violence against women. Eventually, she abandoned spoken word in favor of music after a conversation with one of her favorite writers, countercultural icon Kathy Acker. Hanna recalled,

Acker asked me why writing was important to me, and I said, 'Because I felt like I'd never been listened to and I had a lot to say,' and she said, 'Then why are you doing spoken word—no one goes to spoken word shows! You should get in a band.'[15]

Hanna then formed a band with Arbogast and Carland, called "Amy Carter", which put on shows before the art exhibitions.[6]

1989–1999: Bikini Kill

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Hanna performing with Bikini Kill in 1991

Later, Hanna started another band called Viva Knievel that toured the United States for two months before disbanding. Upon returning to Olympia in 1990, Hanna began collaborating with Evergreen student, drummer and punk zinester Tobi Vail after seeing a performance of the Go Team (a band made up of Vail, Billy Karren, and Calvin Johnson) and recognizing Vail as the mastermind behind the fanzine Jigsaw that Hanna greatly admired and loved.[16] In October 1990, Hanna and Vail joined with Karren and bassist Kathi Wilcox to form Bikini Kill, which soon became part of the seminal early-1990s Olympia, Washington music scene. One goal of the band was to inspire more women to join the male-dominated punk scene.[3] While Bikini Kill were in Washington, D.C. during summer 1991, Hanna recorded with two side projects, which were featured on the compilation cassette A Wonderful Treat: Suture (with Sharon Cheslow and Dug E. Bird), and Wondertwins (with Tim Green of Nation of Ulysses). Bikini Kill, Suture, and Wondertwins all performed at the International Pop Underground Convention in August 1991.[17][18]

Bikini Kill's first release for the Kill Rock Stars label was a self-titled EP produced by Ian MacKaye of Fugazi. Bikini Kill then toured the UK, recording a split LP with UK band Huggy Bear. This tour was filmed and the band was interviewed by Lucy Thane for her documentary, It Changed My Life: Bikini Kill in the UK. Upon returning to the U.S., the band began working with Joan Jett, who produced their single "New Radio/Rebel Girl". After the single's release, Hanna began co-writing songs with Jett for her new album. At the same time, Hanna recorded her spoken-word "Rockstar", released on a 7-inch single in the Kill Rock Stars "Wordcore" series; and "I Wish I Was Him", which appears on the KRS compilation Rock Stars Kill. The song, written by Ben Lee about alternative rock heartthrob Evan Dando,[19] was originally recorded by Lee's band Noise Addict.[20]

Kathleen Hanna performing with Bikini Kill, 1996

The first two Bikini Kill EPs were released on CD as The C.D. Version of the First Two Records in 1993.[21] The band released two more full-length albums, Pussy Whipped in 1994 and Reject All American in 1996, and in 1998, Kill Rock Stars released Bikini Kill: The Singles, a collection of the group's seven-inch and compilation tracks. Bikini Kill amicably disbanded in mid-1998.[22]

2000–present: Le Tigre and the Julie Ruin

[edit]

After Bikini Kill's breakup, Hanna began working on a solo project called Julie Ruin. The project was created entirely in Hanna's bedroom using a $40 drum machine. One self-titled album was released under the Julie Ruin pseudonym, and was partially inspired by the work of feminist theorist Julia Kristeva.[23]

Hanna said of the project:

Girls' bedrooms sometimes can be this space of real creativity. The problem is that these bedrooms are all cut off from each other. I wanted the Julie Ruin record to sound like a girl from her bedroom made this record but then didn't just throw it away or it wasn't just in her diary but she took it out and shared it with people.[24]

While in Portland, Oregon, Hanna began working with friend and then-zine editor Johanna Fateman on a live show for Julie Ruin. The collaboration resulted in the two briefly forming a band called the Troublemakers, named after a G. B. Jones film,[25] which ended when Fateman relocated to New York City to attend art school.

Hanna soon moved to New York City, and with the addition of filmmaker Sadie Benning, they started another band called Le Tigre based upon a more electronic style of music, similar to the sampler-driven sound Hanna had begun to explore with Julie Ruin. (She later revealed to Bust magazine that she was "totally broke" at this time and ate oatmeal daily.[26]) Hanna refers to it as part of a "Punk Feminist Electronic genre".[27] The band recorded for the Mr. Lady Records label, its first recording being an eponymous album which included the singles "Hot Topic" and "Deceptacon." Benning then left the band and was replaced by JD Samson for their second album, Feminist Sweepstakes.[28]

Mr. Lady Records folded, and the group switched to Universal Records for the 2004 release of This Island. Hanna left the band in 2005 due to illness; she was later diagnosed with late-stage Lyme disease.[29] According to the Le Tigre website, during her time off from the band, Hanna volunteered as a band coach for the Willie Mae Rock and Roll Camp for Girls. She also taught an art class at NYU's graduate school in the Fall 2007 semester and attended interior design classes.[30] In 2010, Hanna DJed at the Museum of Modern Art, later joining the Raincoats on stage to cover the Slits' Vindictive.[31]

Also in 2010, Hanna announced she was rebuilding her 1997 act Julie Ruin, turning it into a full band called the Julie Ruin with Kenny Mellman and Kathi Wilcox, and that they would be creating a new record. The band played their first show at Knitting Factory in New York City which included songs from Bikini Kill and Le Tigre, and one new composition.[32][33] From 2010 to 2013, director Sini Anderson worked on a documentary on Kathleen Hanna titled The Punk Singer, documenting her works from Bikini Kill to the Julie Ruin. It premiered at SXSW in 2013.[34] In June 2013, Julie Ruin released its first single, "Oh Come On". An album, Run Fast was released in September 2013 with the band going on tour. The band cancelled the tour planned for May to September 2014 due to Hanna's Lyme disease deteriorating.[35] She has since recovered and begun performing again. The Julie Ruin's second album, Hit Reset, was published in July 2016 by Hardly Art.[36]

Activism and impact

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Hanna's outspoken feminism has always influenced her work. She became a voice for third-wave feminism and the Riot Grrrl movement in 1991.[37] In 1991, Bikini Kill spent the summer in Washington, D.C., where Hanna began collaborating with Allison Wolfe, Molly Neuman, and Jen Smith from the band Bratmobile on the zine Riot grrrl, which became a call to action for young women to embrace feminism and equal female involvement in the punk rock scene.[38]

We wanted to start a magazine, and Allison Wolfe and Molly Neuman from the band Bratmobile had started a little fanzine called riot grrrl and we were writing little things for it. I'd always wanted to start a big magazine with really cool, smart writing in it, and I wanted to see if the other punk girls in D.C. that I was meeting were interested in that. So I called a meeting and found a space for it, and it just turned into this sort of consciousness-raising thing. I realized really quickly that a magazine wasn't the way to go. People wanted to be having shows, and teaching each other how to play music, and writing fanzines, so that started happening. It got some press attention, and girls in other places would be like "I wanna do that. I wanna start one of those."

The zines "cover[ed] strategies for safety in the mosh pit",[39] "exploration of political ideas",[40] and creating a collective for punk feminist women. The Bikini Kill Zine, which began in 1991, was born from this, along with the desire to present "feminist issues through a punk rock lens." By Issue Two, the Riot Grrrl Manifesto was born, urging women to defy society's expectations upon them as women, and to form a collective for women to freely discuss current issues. While Hanna never sought nor intended to become the spokeswoman for Riot Grrl, she hoped that it would provide a voice for issues that are relevant to women on local, national, and global levels.[41]

At Bikini Kill concerts, Hanna would ask women to move to the front of the stage to avoid harassment from males, as part of her idea of "girls to the front' or "Revolution Girl Style Now."[24] In a mostly male-dominated punk rock scene where shows often turned violent because of mosh pits (where women were often assaulted), Hanna wanted space for women to be able to feel safe. Additionally, with a barrier of girls in the front rows, she too could feel safe and supported at her own shows, where male hecklers were constantly present.

Her feminist contributions to punk music are also evident in her lyrics. In an interview with Nicole Brodeur from The Seattle Times, it is said that, "Hanna's lyrics were about girls who did and wore what they wanted, despite societal expectations."[42] Hanna: "It doesn't mean you're not a feminist because you expose your legs." She zeroed in on the idea that women should have the ability to express themselves in any way they please, without backlash, and her performances regularly reflected such themes. Bradeur: "Hanna exposed her breasts and rear-end with lust-killing bluntness; she wore a girlish ponytail and danced around with 'slut' written in lipstick across her midriff."

In 1991, Hanna performed with Bikini Kill (alongside Fugazi) at the Pro-Choice Rally at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. before the Planned Parenthood v. Casey trial. Having had an abortion herself at 15, Hanna said: "It's about women not dying in back-alley abortions, but it's also about women saying: 'My life is worth it, too. I deserve to have control over my life and my health care.' Imagine if a man was told, 'You can't make the decision to have a vasectomy.'"[43][44] Hanna also spoke at the 2011 Planned Parenthood "Stand Up for Women's Health" Rally. During her speech, she told her story of when she was 19 years old, on tour, and broke. She had acquired an infection, was extremely ill, and walked into a Planned Parenthood clinic for help. Despite having less than $10 in her pocket, she was "met with open arms" at the clinic, was treated with respect, and received medical care.[45]

Hanna contributed the piece "Gen X Survivor: From Riot Grrrl Rock Star to Feminist Artist" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.[46] The riot grrrl genre, to which Hanna was central, has been credited as a historical site for the empowerment of women by such documentaries as The Punk Singer, which credits Hanna with having molded many tenets of third-wave feminism.[47]

In 2009, the Fales Library at New York University created a Riot Grrrl Collection which focuses on the early formation of the Riot Grrrl movement, and has a series of zines, art pieces, photography, video, music, journals, and more. Some of Hanna's solo work, along with zines that she has created with Bikini Kill and other collaborators are also included.[48] The Bikini Kill archive is also available online.[26]

In a 2014 interview with Amy Middleton of Australian webzine Archer, Hanna stated that she supported marriage equality. Hanna also noted that while on tour with Le Tigre, she met teenagers who had told her of starting LGBT groups and gay/straight alliances in their high schools; she said, "Hearing that made me feel so hopeful for the future". In the same interview, Hanna stated she was saddened by trans-exclusionary feminist movements, and appeared to support transfeminism.[49] Previously, critics had suggested Hanna was trans-exclusionary for having performed at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival in 2001 and 2005, which had a policy of exclusively allowing "womyn-born-womyn" into the event.[50]

In 2018, Hanna started "Tees 4 Togo", a project which sells t-shirts with drawings of Hanna's friends such as Kim Gordon, Patton Oswalt, Joan Jett, and Chuck D, along with artists such as Sarah Larnach, Adee Roberson, and Hannah Lucy.[13] 100% of the proceeds go to the non-profit Peace Sisters, which helps fund local girls' school tuition costs in Dapaong, Togo.[51] The cost of one $40 shirt funds an entire school year for a student.[51]

Personal life

[edit]

Hanna was identified as bisexual in a 1993 Out article,[52] while a 2013 Pride.com article described her as "a vocal ally of the gay community".[53] In 2006, Hanna married Adam Horovitz of the Beastie Boys.[5] Hanna and Horovitz were reported in 2024 to be living in Pasadena, California, with their ten-year-old son.[54]

Hanna suffered from Lyme disease for six years before it was correctly diagnosed.[55] The disease forced her to enter a three-month course of treatment in 2014, resulting in canceling live performances with her band the Julie Ruin.[35] In 2013 in Bust magazine she revealed that Horovitz "took care of me throughout the whole thing."[26] By June 2015, she described herself as in remission.[56]

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Discography

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Bikini Kill

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Albums

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Singles

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Compilation appearances

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Julie Ruin

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The Julie Ruin

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Le Tigre

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Albums

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Singles and EPs

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Miscellaneous

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Viva Knievel

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Suture

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The Fakes

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Solo and guest appearances

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Bibliography

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Fanzines

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Memoir

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References

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  1. ^ a b "'The Punk Singer' director on capturing the essence of Bikini Kill's Kathleen Hanna". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  2. ^ "Bikini Kill Biography". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Kathleen Hanna | Bikini Kill". www.kathleenhanna.com. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  4. ^ "The Punk Singer: meet the original Riot Grrrl". October 7, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c "Kathleen Hanna Biography". Biography.com. The Biography Channel. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  6. ^ a b "MY HERSTORY by Kathleen Hanna". Letigreworld.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  7. ^ "Fierce, Funny, Feminists: Gloria Steinem and Kathleen Hanna talk shop, and prove that grrrls – and womyn - rule" (Interview). Interviewed by Hex, Celina. Bust. 2000. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  8. ^ "Don't Need You: The Herstory of Riot Grrrl", 2006, Kerri Koch
  9. ^ "Consider le tigre". March 13, 2002.
  10. ^ Hanna, Kathleen (August 14, 2013). "Getting in on the Action". Kathleenhanna.com. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  11. ^ Muller, Marissa G. (August 26, 2013). "Punk Legend Kathleen Hanna Stops Running With The Julie Ruin's 'Run Fast'". MTV Hive. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  12. ^ Marlow Stern (March 13, 2013). "Punk Rock-Feminist Pioneer Kathleen Hanna On Her SXSW Doc & More". The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  13. ^ a b Barlow, Eve (November 23, 2018). "Punk icon Kathleen Hanna takes her 'girls to the front' mantra to T-shirt line for Togo schoolgirls". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018.
  14. ^ a b Marcus, Sara (2010). Girls to the Front: The True Story of the Riot Grrrl Revolution. Harper. pp. 35–38. ISBN 9780061806360.
  15. ^ Frey, Hillary (December 23, 2002). "Kathleen Hanna's Fire". The Nation. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  16. ^ Monem, Nadine, ed. (2007). Riot Grrrl: Revolution Girl Style Now!. Black Dog Publishing. ISBN 978-1906155018.
  17. ^ Hopper, Jessica (June 13, 2011). "Riot Grrrl get noticed". The Guardian.
  18. ^ Nelson, Chris (October 9, 2006). "The day the music didn't die". Seattle Weekly.
  19. ^ Robbins & Wolk 1997, p. 519.
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  21. ^ Buckley 2003, pp. 93–94.
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  28. ^ "Le Tigre on DIY culture and their return - The Skinny". www.theskinny.co.uk. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  29. ^ "Punk Singer Kathleen Hanna Reveals Her Struggle With Lyme Disease Karen Chisholm". Karenchisholm.com. March 27, 2013. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  30. ^ "Le Tigre news website". Letigreworld.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
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  32. ^ Marcus, Sara (December 15, 2010). "Hanna and Her Sisters". Artforum.com. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  33. ^ "hey girlfriiieeennnddd ..." Skirts and Tights. December 12, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  34. ^ Anderson, Sini (2013). "The Punk Singer". IMDb. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  35. ^ a b "Kathleen Hanna Cancels the Julie Ruin Tour Due to Lyme Disease Relapse". Pitch Fork media. May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  36. ^ "The SPIN Interview: Kathleen Hanna". Spin. June 23, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  37. ^ McDonnell, Evelyn; Vincentelli, Elisabeth (May 3, 2019). "Riot Grrrl United Feminism and Punk. Here's an Essential Listening Guide". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  38. ^ Frere-Jones, Sasha (November 26, 2012). "Hanna and Her Sisters". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  39. ^ Darms, Lisa, ed. 2013. The Riot Grrrl Collection. New York: Feminist Press.
  40. ^ Downes, Julia. "The Expansion Of Punk Rock: Riot Grrrl Challenges To Gender Power Relations In British Indie Music Subcultures." Women's Studies 41.2 (2012): 204-237. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. October 20, 2016.
  41. ^ Hanna, Kathleen, and Melissa Klein. "RIOT GRRRLS." Off Our Backs 23.2 (1993) 6-12. Web.
  42. ^ Brodeur, Nicole (April 15, 2015). "Kathleen Hanna: 'It doesn't mean you're not a feminist because you expose your legs'". www.seattletimes.com. Seattle Times.
  43. ^ Heriksen, Katy (July 6, 2014). "The Rumpus Interview with Kathleen Hanna". The Rumpus. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  44. ^ Marlow Stern (March 13, 2013). "Punk Rock-Feminist Pioneer Kathleen Hanna On Her SXSW Doc & More". The Daily Beast. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  45. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Kathleen Hanna". Camino PR Media. March 1, 2011.
  46. ^ "Library Resource Finder: Table of Contents for: Sisterhood is forever : the women's anth". Vufind.carli.illinois.edu. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  47. ^ "Watch TV Shows Online, Watch Movies Online". Netflix. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  48. ^ Priddle, Charlotte. "Research Guides: The Riot Grrrl Collection at the Fales Library: Collection Overview". guides.nyu.edu. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  49. ^ Middleton, Amy (January 13, 2014). "Q&A: Riot grrrl Kathleen Hanna on sexuality, marriage and music". Archer. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  50. ^ "Toronto fans demand Kathleen Hanna apologize for playing trans-excluding festival". Chartattack.com. April 7, 2014. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  51. ^ a b Stieg, Cory (November 23, 2018). "Kathleen Hanna On Using Art As A Form Of Activism". Refinery29. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  52. ^ Rogers, Ray (1993). "From the Vaults: Dyke Punks with Attitude". Out. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  53. ^ Hollenbeck, Annie (November 27, 2013). "Girls to the Front: An Interview with Riot Grrrl Kathleen Hanna". Pride.com. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  54. ^ Hess, Amanda; McCausland, O. K. (April 23, 2024), "Kathleen Hanna Reveals the Story of Her Life in 'Rebel Girl' - The New York Times", The New York Times
  55. ^ Valby, Karen (March 12, 2013). "Bikini Kill's Kathleen Hanna reveals illness, reconfirms awesomeness in 'The Punk Singer'". Entertainment Weekly.
  56. ^ "Feeling Myself: Kathleen Hanna Gets Back to Work". Pitchfork Media. June 5, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  57. ^ Azerrad 2001, pp. 211–212.
  58. ^ "How do you sleep?: 23 highly specific rock and roll diss tracks". The A.V. Club. March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  59. ^ Cills, Hazel (May 2, 2013). "What I Learned About Style From Sonic Youth's "Bull In The Heather"". Vice. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  60. ^ Lavin, Will (February 15, 2021). "Listen to Bikini Kill's Kathleen Hanna sing new 'WandaVision' theme song". NME. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  61. ^ Stuever, Hank (July 30, 2020). "For too long, the story of the Go-Go's was a cautionary tale. A new documentary turns it into a triumph". The Washington Times. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  62. ^ Zoladz, Lindsay (July 29, 2020). "The Go-Go's Made History 38 Years Ago. There's Still More to Their Story". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  63. ^ "Rockstar". Salon. October 5, 2000.
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  65. ^ "sleepdrone/superposition | P.O.S". P-o-s.bandcamp.com. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  66. ^ "Chelsea Peretti Gets Caffeinated on 'Phosphorescent Panic' EP, Featuring Nick Kroll, Kathleen Hanna", Rolling Stone, August 11, 2020, retrieved August 12, 2020
  67. ^ Hussey, Allison (February 15, 2021). "Listen to Kathleen Hanna Sing WandaVision's Opening Theme". Pitchfork. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  68. ^ McDonnell, Evelyn (May 12, 2024). "Flipping Off the Patriarchy, Three Chords at a Time". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
  69. ^ Wasylak, Victoria (May 29, 2024). "In 'Rebel Girl,' Kathleen Hanna revisits riot grrrl — and puts it to rest - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
  70. ^ "Review | Punk pioneer Kathleen Hanna recalls the dark side of the music scene". Washington Post. May 9, 2024. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
  71. ^ Strand, Karla J. (May 13, 2024). "'My Life as a Feminist Punk': An Interview With Kathleen Hanna". Ms. Magazine. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
  72. ^ Punknews.org (May 10, 2024). "Kathleen Hanna - Rebel Girl: My Life as a Feminist Punk [Book]". www.punknews.org. Retrieved May 26, 2024.

Sources

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