Katukinan languages

Katukinan (Catuquinan) is a language family consisting of two languages in Brazil, Katukina-Kanamarí and the perhaps moribund Katawixi. It is often not clear which names in the literature, which are generally tribal names and often correspond to dialects, refer to distinct languages. Indeed, they're close enough that some consider them all to be dialects of a single language, Kanamari (Fabre 2005).

Campbell (2012) note that Adelaar "presents reasonably persuasive evidence that Harákmbut and Katukinan are genetically related."^[1]

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Jivaro, Máku, Mura-Matanawi, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi, Yanomami, and Arawak language families due to contact. This suggests that Katukinan and the language families with which it was in contact with had been earlier spoken within a central Amazon interaction sphere.^[2]

Many ethnic Katukina had shifted to other languages by the time of European contact. Examples are Panoan Katukina and unclassified Katukinaru.

The common suffix dyapa, djapa means 'tribe' or 'clan', for which the varieties are named. Fabre (2005) lists Kanamarí, Txuhuã-djapá, Katukína do Jutaí (Katukina proper), and Katawixi as four attested languages.

A large number of Katukinan dialects have gone extinct. Loukotka (1968) illustrates data from Catuquina (Wiri-dyapá, of the Jutaí River), Canamari, Parawa (Hon-dyapa), Bendiapa, and Catauxi (Catosé, Hewadie, Katawishi, Quatausi).^[3] Canamari, Parawa, and Bendiapa (Beñ-Dyapá) may constitute a single language, as may Tucundiapa (Mangeroma, Tucano Dyapa). He also notes a Tawari (Tauaré, Kadekili-dyapa, Kayarára), and a Buruá (Burue, Buruhe), of which nothing has been recorded. All of them are classified as "Southern Catuquina" except for Catauxi, which is the only "Northern Catuquina" language. The locations of each variety given by Loukotka (1968) are:

• Catuquina / Wiri-dyapá - spoken on the Jutaí River
• Canamari - Juruá River
• Parawa / Hon-dyapá - Grégorio River near Santo Amaro
• Tucundiapa / Mangeroma - Itecoaí River (Itaquai River)
• Bendiapa - São José River
• Tawari / Kadekili-dyapá / Kayarára - spoken north of the Bendiapa tribe
• Buruá - spoken on the Biá River and Jutaí River
• Catauxi - Madeira River and Purus River

Mason (1950) gives Pidá-Dyapá and Kutiá-Dyapá as dialects of Catukina, and Cadekili-Dyapá and Wadyo-Paraniñ-Dyapá (Kairara) as dialects of Tawari, corresponding to Loukotka's names Kadekili-dyapa and Kayarára. He adds Catukino and a "miscellaneous" list of Amena-Dyapá, Cana-Dyapá, Hon-Dyapá (which Loukotka identifies with Parawa), Marö-Dyapá, Ururu-Dyapá, and Wiri-Dyapá (which Loukotka identifies with Catuquina). Mason's (1950) internal classification of Catukina is summarized as follows.^[4]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Catuquinan languages.^[3]

gloss	Catuquina	Canamari	Parawa	Bendiapa	Catauxi
one	kexüktü	ekek	ikek	kik	wakata
two	upaúa	ubawa	bawa	ubawa	sahe
three	tupaua	ekek atehu	ikekʔtʔhu	kik atehu	tiumpa
head	ghü	tyu-ki	chu-ke	chu-kii	tu-kãe
eye	üghó	tyu-ekó	chu-iku	chu-iku	erada
tooth	ü	tyu-hé	chu-he	chu-hi	hí-i
water	uatahi	otahe	wataxi	waxi	mãnghi
moon	vahliá	wádya	wadia	wadya	kuéyi
tree	oma	umang	uma	umank	híhi
snake	hüxpang	ipa		ixpan	pagʔ
axe	suhe	chuwe	yuhi	chui	toñhi

• Macro-Puinavean

• dos Anjos, Z. (2011). Fonologia e Gramática Katukina-Kanamari. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. (Doctoral dissertation).
• Groth, Ch. (1977). Here and There in Canamarí. Anthropological Linguistics, 19:203- 215.
• Ssila, M. et al. (1989). Elementos da fonologia Kanamari. Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos, 16:123-141.
• Tastevin, C. (n.d.). Dialecte katawixy. (Manuscript).
• Tastevin, C. (n.d.). Langue canamari. (Manuscript).

• Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: "KATUKINA"