View text source at Wikipedia

List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

This is a list of Jewish members of the United States Congress. As of 2023, there are 10 Jewish senators and 25 Jewish members of the House of Representatives serving in the United States Congress.

Senate

[edit]
Further information: Religious affiliation in the United States Senate
Senator Party State Term Notes
Start End Length of
service (days)
David Levy Yulee[a] Democratic Florida July 1, 1845 March 4, 1851 2,072
(5 years, 246 days) 		Lost renomination[2]
March 4, 1855 January 21, 1861 2,150
(5 years, 323 days) 		Withdrew from the Senate in 1861 following the secession of Florida from the Union[2]
Judah P. Benjamin Whig
(1853–1856) 		Louisiana March 4, 1853 February 4, 1861 2,894
(7 years, 337 days) 		Withdrew from the Senate in 1861 following the secession of Louisiana from the Union[3]
Democratic
(1856–1861)
Benjamin F. Jonas Democratic Louisiana March 4, 1879 March 4, 1885 2,164
(6 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[4]
Joseph Simon Republican Oregon October 7, 1898 March 4, 1903 1,608
(4 years, 148 days) 		Retired[5]
Isidor Rayner Democratic Maryland March 4, 1905 November 25, 1912 2,823
(7 years, 266 days) 		Died in office[6]
Simon Guggenheim Republican Colorado March 4, 1907 March 4, 1913 2,192
(6 years, 0 days) 		Retired[7]
Herbert H. Lehman Democratic New York November 9, 1949 January 3, 1957 2,612
(7 years, 55 days) 		Retired[8]
Richard L. Neuberger Democratic Oregon January 3, 1955 March 9, 1960 1,892
(5 years, 66 days) 		Died in office[9]
Jacob K. Javits Republican New York January 9, 1957 January 3, 1981 8,760
(23 years, 360 days) 		Lost reelection as Liberal Party nominee after having lost Republican Party renomination[10]
Ernest Gruening Democratic Alaska January 3, 1959 January 3, 1969 3,653
(10 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination
Lost write-in reelection[11]
Abraham A. Ribicoff Democratic Connecticut January 3, 1963 January 3, 1981 6,575
(18 years, 0 days) 		Retired[12]
Howard Metzenbaum Democratic Ohio January 4, 1974 December 23, 1974 353
(353 days) 		Resigned to permit governor to appoint winner of general election, after previously having lost renomination for new term[13]
December 29, 1976 January 3, 1995 6,579
(18 years, 5 days) 		Retired[13]
Richard Stone Democratic Florida January 1, 1975 December 31, 1980 2,191
(5 years, 365 days) 		Lost renomination[14]
Edward Zorinsky Democratic Nebraska December 28, 1976 March 6, 1987 3,720
(10 years, 68 days) 		Died in office [15]
Rudy Boschwitz Republican Minnesota December 30, 1978 January 3, 1991 4,387
(12 years, 4 days) 		Lost reelection[16]
William Cohen Republican Maine January 3, 1979 January 3, 1997 6,575
(18 years, 0 days) 		Retired[2]
Carl Levin Democratic Michigan January 3, 1979 January 3, 2015 13,149
(36 years, 0 days) 		Retired[17]
Warren Rudman Republican New Hampshire December 29, 1980 January 3, 1993 4,388
(12 years, 5 days) 		Retired[18]
Arlen Specter Republican
(1981–2009) 		Pennsylvania January 3, 1981 January 3, 2011 10,957
(30 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination by the Democratic Party, to which he had switched the prior year.[19]
Democratic
(2009–2011)
Frank Lautenberg Democratic New Jersey December 27, 1982 January 3, 2001 6,582
(18 years, 7 days) 		Retired[20]
January 3, 2003 June 3, 2013 3,804
(10 years, 151 days) 		Died in office[20]
Chic Hecht Republican Nevada January 3, 1983 January 3, 1989 2,192
(6 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[21]
Herb Kohl Democratic Wisconsin January 3, 1989 January 3, 2013 8,766
(24 years, 0 days) 		Retired[22]
Joe Lieberman Democratic
(1989–2006) 		Connecticut January 3, 1989 January 3, 2013 8,766
(24 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination, but re-elected on the Connecticut for Lieberman ticket in 2006
Retired[23]
Independent
(2006–2013)
Paul Wellstone Democratic (DFL) Minnesota January 3, 1991 October 25, 2002 4,313
(11 years, 295 days) 		Died in office[24]
Dianne Feinstein Democratic California November 10, 1992 September 29, 2023 11,279
(30 years, 323 days) 		Died in office[25]
Barbara Boxer Democratic California January 3, 1993 January 3, 2017 8,766
(24 years, 0 days) 		Retired[26]
Russ Feingold Democratic Wisconsin January 3, 1993 January 3, 2011 6,574
(18 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[27]
Ron Wyden Democratic Oregon February 6, 1996 Incumbent 10,553
(28 years, 326 days) 		[28]
Chuck Schumer Democratic New York January 3, 1999 Incumbent 9,491
(25 years, 360 days) 		First Jewish Senate Majority Leader and Senate Minority Leader[29]
Norm Coleman Republican Minnesota January 3, 2003 January 3, 2009 2,192
(6 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[30]
Ben Cardin Democratic Maryland January 3, 2007 January 3, 2025 6,569
(17 years, 360 days) 		[31]
Bernie Sanders Independent Vermont January 3, 2007 Incumbent 6,569
(17 years, 360 days) 		Elected as an Independent. Began identifying alternately as an Independent or Democrat while running in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries. Officially joined the Democratic Party after signing a declaratory pledge, but kept his independent affiliation in the Senate.[32]
Al Franken Democratic (DFL) Minnesota July 7, 2009 January 2, 2018 3,101
(8 years, 179 days) 		Resigned[33]
Michael Bennet Democratic Colorado January 21, 2009 Incumbent 5,820
(15 years, 342 days) 		[34]
Richard Blumenthal Democratic Connecticut January 3, 2011 Incumbent 5,108
(13 years, 360 days) 		[35]
Brian Schatz Democratic Hawaii December 26, 2012 Incumbent 4,385
(12 years, 2 days) 		[36]
Jacky Rosen Democratic Nevada January 3, 2019 Incumbent 2,186
(5 years, 360 days) 		[37]
Jon Ossoff Democratic Georgia January 20, 2021 Incumbent 1,438
(3 years, 343 days) 		[38]
Adam Schiff Democratic California December 9, 2024 Incumbent 19
(19 days) 		[39]

Senators-elect

[edit]
Senator-elect Party State Expected term start Notes
Elissa Slotkin Democratic Michigan January 3, 2025 Elected on November 5, 2024 [40]

Elected to the Senate, but not seated

[edit]
Senator-elect Party State Year elected Notes
Michael Hahn Republican Louisiana 1865 Not seated due to policy of Radical Republicans not to seat any senators-elect from former Confederate states until a Reconstruction plan had been adopted[41]

List of states represented by Jewish senators

[edit]
Map of current Jewish senators. Blue means that there currently is one Jewish senator from that state. Gray means that there currently are no Jewish senators from that state.

Twenty-two states have been represented by Jewish senators. As of December 9, 2024, 10 states are represented by Jewish senators.

State Current Previous Total First Jewish senator
Alabama 0 0 0
Alaska 0 1 1 Ernest Gruening
Arizona 0 0 0
Arkansas 0 0 0
California 1 2 3 Dianne Feinstein
Colorado 1 1 2 Simon Guggenheim
Connecticut 1 2 3 Abraham A. Ribicoff
Delaware 0 0 0
Florida 0 2 2 David Levy Yulee
Georgia 1 0 1 Jon Ossoff
Hawaii 1 0 1 Brian Schatz
Idaho 0 0 0
Illinois 0 0 0
Indiana 0 0 0
Iowa 0 0 0
Kansas 0 0 0
Kentucky 0 0 0
Louisiana 0 2 2 Judah P. Benjamin
Maine 0 1 1 William Cohen
Maryland 1 1 2 Isidor Rayner
Massachusetts 0 0 0
Michigan 0 1 1 Carl Levin
Minnesota 0 4 4 Rudy Boschwitz
Mississippi 0 0 0
Missouri 0 0 0
Montana 0 0 0
Nebraska 0 1 1 Edward Zorinsky
Nevada 1 1 2 Chic Hecht
New Hampshire 0 1 1 Warren Rudman
New Jersey 0 1 1 Frank Lautenberg
New Mexico 0 0 0
New York 1 2 3 Herbert H. Lehman
North Carolina 0 0 0
North Dakota 0 0 0
Ohio 0 1 1 Howard Metzenbaum
Oklahoma 0 0 0
Oregon 1 2 3 Joseph Simon
Pennsylvania 0 1 1 Arlen Specter
Rhode Island 0 0 0
South Carolina 0 0 0
South Dakota 0 0 0
Tennessee 0 0 0
Texas 0 0 0
Utah 0 0 0
Vermont 1 0 1 Bernie Sanders
Virginia 0 0 0
Washington 0 0 0
West Virginia 0 0 0
Wisconsin 0 2 2 Herb Kohl
Wyoming 0 0 0

Concurrently serving Jewish senators from the same state

[edit]
State Start date End date Duration Senior senator Junior senator
California January 3, 1993 January 3, 2017 8,766 days
(24 years, 0 days) 		Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D)
Wisconsin January 3, 1993 January 3, 2011 6,574 days
(18 years, 0 days) 		Herb Kohl (D) Russ Feingold (D)
Connecticut January 3, 2011 January 3, 2013 731 days
(2 years, 0 days) 		Joe Lieberman (I) Richard Blumenthal (D)

Elections with two Jewish major-party nominees

[edit]

Incumbent senators are in bold.

Elections with two Jewish major-party nominees
Election year State Winner Second-place finisher
1990 Maine William Cohen Neil Rolde
Minnesota Paul Wellstone Rudy Boschwitz
1992 California Barbara Boxer Bruce Herschensohn
1996 Minnesota Paul Wellstone Rudy Boschwitz
2008 Minnesota Al Franken Norm Coleman
New Jersey Frank Lautenberg Dick Zimmer
2022 Connecticut Richard Blumenthal Leora Levy

Timeline

[edit]
Adam SchiffJon OssoffJacky RosenBrian SchatzRichard BlumenthalMichael BennetAl FrankenBernie SandersBen CardinNorm ColemanChuck SchumerRon WydenRuss FeingoldBarbara BoxerDianne FeinsteinPaul WellstoneJoe LiebermanHerb KohlChic HechtFrank LautenbergArlen SpecterWarren RudmanCarl LevinWilliam CohenRudy BoschwitzEdward ZorinskyRichard StoneHoward MetzenbaumAbraham A. RibicoffErnest GrueningJacob K. JavitsRichard L. NeubergerHerbert H. LehmanSimon GuggenheimIsidor RaynerJoseph Simon (politician)Benjamin F. JonasJudah P. BenjaminDavid Levy Yulee

House of Representatives

[edit]
Further information: Religious affiliation in the United States House of Representatives
Representative Party District Term Notes
Start End Length of
service (days)
Lewis Charles Levin American (Know Nothing) PA-01 March 4, 1845 March 4, 1851 2,191
(6 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[42]
Emanuel B. Hart Democratic NY-03 March 4, 1851 March 4, 1853 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[43]
Philip Phillips Democratic AL-01 March 4, 1853 March 4, 1855 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Retired[44]
Henry Myer Phillips Democratic PA-04 March 4, 1857 March 4, 1859 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[45]
Michael Hahn Union LA-02 December 3, 1862 March 4, 1863 91
(91 days) 		Retired[41]
Republican March 4, 1885 March 15, 1886 376
(1 year, 11 days) 		Died in office[41]
Leonard Myers Republican PA-03 March 4, 1863 March 3, 1875 4,382
(11 years, 364 days) 		Lost reelection[46]
Myer Strouse Democratic PA-10 March 4, 1863 March 4, 1867 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Retired[47]
William M. Levy Democratic LA-04 March 4, 1875 March 4, 1877 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[48]
Leopold Morse Democratic MA-04
(from 1877)
MA-05
(from 1883) 		March 4, 1877 March 4, 1885 2,922
(8 years, 0 days) 		Retired[49]
MA-03 March 4, 1887 March 4, 1889 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Retired[49]
Edwin Einstein Republican NY-07 March 4, 1879 March 4, 1881 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Retired[50]
Julius Houseman Democratic MI-05 March 4, 1883 March 4, 1885 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Retired[51]
Joseph Pulitzer Democratic NY-09 March 4, 1885 April 10, 1886 402
(1 year, 37 days) 		Resigned[52]
Isidor Rayner Democratic MD-04 March 4, 1887 March 4, 1889 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[6]
March 4, 1891 March 4, 1895 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Retired
Nathan Frank Republican MO-09 March 4, 1889 March 4, 1891 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Retired[53]
Adolph Meyer Democratic LA-01 March 4, 1891 March 8, 1908 6,213
(17 years, 4 days) 		Died in office[54]
Julius Goldzier Democratic IL-04 March 4, 1893 March 4, 1895 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[55]
Isidor Straus Democratic NY-15 January 30, 1894 March 4, 1895 398
(1 year, 33 days) 		Retired[55]
Israel F. Fischer Republican NY-04 March 4, 1895 March 4, 1899 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[56]
Lucius Littauer Republican NY-22
(from 1897)
NY-25
(from 1903) 		March 4, 1897 March 4, 1907 3,651
(10 years, 0 days) 		Retired[57]
Julius Kahn Republican CA-04 March 4, 1899 March 4, 1903 1,460
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[58]
March 4, 1905 December 18, 1924 7,229
(19 years, 289 days) 		Died in office[58]
Jefferson Monroe Levy Democratic NY-13 March 4, 1899 March 4, 1901 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Retired[59]
NY-13
(from 1911)
NY-14
(from 1913) 		March 4, 1911 March 4, 1915 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Retired[59]
Mitchell May Democratic NY-06 March 4, 1899 March 4, 1901 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[60]
Henry M. Goldfogle Democratic NY-09
(from 1901)
NY-12
(from 1913) 		March 4, 1901 March 4, 1915 5,113
(14 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[61]
NY-12 March 4, 1919 March 4, 1921 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[61]
Montague Lessler Republican NY-07 January 7, 1902 March 4, 1903 421
(1 year, 56 days) 		Lost reelection[62]
Martin Emerich Democratic IL-01 March 4, 1903 March 4, 1905 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Retired[63]
Adolph J. Sabath Democratic IL-05
(from 1907)
IL-07
(from 1949) 		March 4, 1907 November 6, 1952 16,684
(45 years, 247 days) 		Died in office[64]
Harry Benjamin Wolf Democratic MD-03 March 4, 1907 March 4, 1909 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[65]
Victor L. Berger Socialist WI-05 March 4, 1911 March 4, 1913 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[66]
March 4, 1919 November 10, 1919 251
(251 days) 		House refused to seat due to conviction under the Espionage Act of 1917[66]
March 4, 1923 March 4, 1929 2,192
(6 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[66]
Jacob A. Cantor Democratic NY-20 November 4, 1913 March 4, 1915 485
(1 year, 120 days) 		Lost reelection[67]
Isaac Bacharach Republican NJ-02 March 4, 1915 January 3, 1937 7,976
(21 years, 305 days) 		Lost reelection[68]
Meyer London Socialist NY-12 March 4, 1915 March 4, 1919 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[69]
March 4, 1921 March 4, 1923 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[69]
Isaac Siegel Republican NY-20 March 4, 1915 March 4, 1923 2,922
(8 years, 0 days) 		Retired[70]
Milton Kraus Republican IN-11 March 4, 1917 March 4, 1923 2,191
(6 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[71]
Nathan D. Perlman Republican NY-14 November 2, 1920 March 4, 1927 2,313
(6 years, 122 days) 		Lost reelection[72]
Lester D. Volk Republican NY-10 November 2, 1920 March 4, 1923 852
(2 years, 122 days) 		Retired[73]
Martin C. Ansorge Republican NY-21 March 4, 1921 March 4, 1923 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[74]
Benjamin L. Rosenbloom Republican WV-01 March 4, 1921 March 4, 1925 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for United States Senate[75]
Albert B. Rossdale Republican NY-23 March 4, 1921 March 4, 1923 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[76]
Sol Bloom Democratic NY-19
(from 1923)
NY-20
(from 1945) 		January 30, 1923 March 7, 1949 9,533
(26 years, 36 days) 		Died in office[77]
Emanuel Celler Democratic NY (several) March 4, 1923 January 3, 1973 18,203
(49 years, 305 days) 		Lost renomination[78]
Samuel Dickstein Democratic NY-12
(from 1923)
NY-19
(from 1945) 		March 4, 1923 December 30, 1945 8,337
(22 years, 301 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court[79]
Meyer Jacobstein Democratic NY-38 March 4, 1923 March 4, 1929 2,192
(6 years, 0 days) 		Retired[80]
Benjamin M. Golder Republican PA-04 March 4, 1925 March 4, 1933 2,922
(8 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[81]
Florence Prag Kahn Republican CA-04 March 4, 1925 January 3, 1937 4,323
(11 years, 305 days) 		Lost reelection[82]
William W. Cohen Democratic NY-17 March 4, 1927 March 4, 1929 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Retired[83]
William I. Sirovich Democratic NY-14 March 4, 1927 December 17, 1939 4,671
(10 years, 288 days) 		Died in office[84]
Henry Ellenbogen Democratic PA-33 March 4, 1933 January 3, 1938 1,766
(4 years, 305 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected[85]
Herman P. Kopplemann Democratic CT-01 March 4, 1933 January 3, 1939 2,131
(5 years, 305 days) 		Lost reelection[86]
January 3, 1941 January 3, 1943 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[86]
January 3, 1945 January 3, 1947 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[86]
Theodore A. Peyser Democratic NY-17 March 4, 1933 August 8, 1937 1,618
(4 years, 157 days) 		Died in office[87]
William M. Citron Democratic CT-AL January 3, 1935 January 3, 1939 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[88]
Leon Sacks Democratic PA-01 January 3, 1937 January 3, 1943 2,191
(6 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[89]
Morris Michael Edelstein Democratic NY-14 February 6, 1940 June 4, 1941 484
(1 year, 118 days) 		Died in office[90]
Samuel A. Weiss Democratic PA (several) January 3, 1941 January 7, 1946 1,830
(5 years, 4 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected[91]
Arthur George Klein Democratic NY-14 July 29, 1941 January 3, 1945 1,254
(3 years, 158 days) 		Retired[92]
NY-19 February 19, 1946 December 31, 1956 3,968
(10 years, 316 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[92]
Daniel Ellison Republican MD-04 January 3, 1943 January 3, 1945 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[93]
Benjamin J. Rabin Democratic NY-24 January 3, 1945 December 31, 1947 1,092
(2 years, 362 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[94]
Leo F. Rayfiel Democratic NY-14 January 3, 1945 September 13, 1947 983
(2 years, 253 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York to which he had been appointed and confirmed[95]
Jacob K. Javits Republican NY-21 January 3, 1947 December 31, 1954 2,919
(7 years, 362 days) 		Resigned to become New York Attorney General[10]
Abraham J. Multer Democratic NY-14
(from 1947)
NY-13
(from 1953) 		November 4, 1947 December 31, 1967 7,362
(20 years, 57 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[96]
Leo Isacson American Labor NY-24 February 17, 1948 January 3, 1949 321
(321 days) 		Lost reelection[97]
Earl Chudoff Democratic PA-04 January 3, 1949 January 5, 1958 3,289
(9 years, 2 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected[98]
Isidore Dollinger Democratic NY-26 January 3, 1949 December 31, 1959 4,014
(10 years, 362 days) 		Resigned to become Bronx County District Attorney[99]
Abraham A. Ribicoff Democratic CT-01 January 3, 1949 January 3, 1953 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[12]
Sidney R. Yates Democratic IL-09 January 3, 1949 January 3, 1963 5,113
(14 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[100]
January 3, 1965 January 3, 1999 12,418
(34 years, 0 days) 		Retired[100]
Leonard Irving Democratic MO-04 January 3, 1949 January 3, 1953 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[101]
Louis B. Heller Democratic NY-07
(from 1949)
NY-08
(from 1953) 		February 15, 1949 July 21, 1954 1,982
(5 years, 156 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the New York Court of Special Sessions.[102]
Sidney A. Fine Democratic NY-23
(from 1951)
NY-22
(from 1953) 		January 3, 1951 January 2, 1956 1,825
(4 years, 364 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court[103]
Samuel Friedel Democratic MD-07 January 3, 1953 January 3, 1971 6,574
(18 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[104]
Lester Holtzman Democratic NY-06 January 3, 1953 December 31, 1961 3,284
(8 years, 362 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[105]
Irwin D. Davidson Democratic NY-20 January 3, 1955 December 31, 1956 728
(1 year, 363 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the New York Court of General Sessions.[106]
Herbert Zelenko Democratic NY-21 January 3, 1955 January 3, 1963 2,922
(8 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[107]
Leonard Farbstein Democratic NY-19 January 3, 1957 January 3, 1971 5,113
(14 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[108]
Ludwig Teller Democratic NY-20 January 3, 1957 January 3, 1961 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[109]
Seymour Halpern Republican NY-04
(from 1959)
NY-06
(from 1963) 		January 3, 1959 January 3, 1973 5,114
(14 years, 0 days) 		Retired[110]
Herman Toll Democratic PA-06
(from 1959)
PA-04
(from 1963) 		January 3, 1959 January 3, 1967 2,922
(8 years, 0 days) 		Retired[111]
Jacob H. Gilbert Democratic NY-23
(from 1960)
NY-22
(from 1963) 		March 8, 1960 January 3, 1971 3,953
(10 years, 301 days) 		Lost renomination[112]
Charles Samuel Joelson Democratic NJ-08 January 3, 1961 September 4, 1969 2,801
(8 years, 244 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the New Jersey Superior Court to which he had been appointed[113]
Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal Democratic NY (several) February 20, 1962 January 4, 1983 7,623
(20 years, 318 days) 		Died in office[114]
Richard Ottinger Democratic NY-25 January 3, 1965 January 3, 1971 2,191
(6 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[115]
NY-24
(from 1975)
NY-20
(from 1983) 		January 3, 1975 January 3, 1985 3,653
(10 years, 0 days) 		Retired[115]
Joseph Y. Resnick Democratic NY-28 January 3, 1965 January 3, 1969 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for United States Senate[116]
James H. Scheuer Democratic NY-21 January 3, 1965 January 3, 1973 2,922
(8 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[117]
NY-11 January 3, 1975 January 3, 1983 6,575
(8 years, 0 days) 		Redistricted[117]
NY-08 January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 Retired[117]
Herbert Tenzer Democratic NY-05 January 3, 1965 January 3, 1969 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Retired[118]
Lester L. Wolff Democratic NY-03
(from 1965)
NY-06
(from 1973) 		January 3, 1965 January 3, 1981 5,844
(16 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[119]
Joshua Eilberg Democratic PA-04 January 3, 1967 January 3, 1979 4,383
(12 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[120]
Sam Steiger Republican AZ-03 January 3, 1967 January 3, 1977 3,653
(10 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[121]
Bertram L. Podell Democratic NY-13 February 20, 1968 January 3, 1975 2,509
(6 years, 317 days) 		Lost renomination[122]
Ed Koch Democratic NY-17
(from 1969)
NY-18
(from 1973) 		January 3, 1969 December 31, 1977 3,284
(8 years, 362 days) 		Resigned to become Mayor of New York City[123]
Allard K. Lowenstein Democratic NY-05 January 3, 1969 January 3, 1971 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[124]
Abner J. Mikva Democratic IL-02 January 3, 1969 January 3, 1973 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[125]
IL-10 January 3, 1975 September 26, 1979 1,727
(4 years, 266 days) 		Resigned to take seat on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit to which he had been appointed and confirmed[125]
Bella Abzug Democratic NY-19
(from 1971)
NY-20
(from 1973) 		January 3, 1971 January 3, 1977 2,192
(6 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate[126]
Benjamin Gilman Republican NY (several) January 3, 1973 January 3, 2003 10,957
(30 years, 0 days) 		Retired[127]
Elizabeth Holtzman Democratic NY-16 January 3, 1973 January 3, 1981 2,922
(8 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[128]
William Lehman Democratic FL-13
(from 1973)
FL-17
(from 1983) 		January 3, 1973 January 3, 1993 7,305
(20 years, 0 days) 		Retired[129]
Edward Mezvinsky Democratic IA-01 January 3, 1973 January 3, 1977 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[130]
William Cohen Republican ME-2 January 3, 1973 January 3, 1979 2,191
(6 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run successfully for United States Senate[2][131]
Bill Gradison Republican OH-01
(from 1975)
OH-02
(from 1983) 		January 3, 1975 January 31, 1993 6,603
(18 years, 28 days) 		Resigned[132]
John Hans Krebs Democratic CA-17 January 3, 1975 January 3, 1979 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[133]
Elliott H. Levitas Democratic GA-04 January 3, 1975 January 3, 1985 3,653
(10 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[134]
Fred Richmond Democratic NY-14 January 3, 1975 August 25, 1982 2,791
(7 years, 234 days) 		Resigned[135]
Stephen Solarz Democratic NY-13 January 3, 1975 January 3, 1993 6,575
(18 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[136]
Gladys Spellman Democratic MD-05 January 3, 1975 February 24, 1981 2,244
(6 years, 52 days) 		Seat declared vacant after suffering a debilitating heart attack and becoming comatose[137]
Henry Waxman Democratic CA (several) January 3, 1975 January 3, 2015 14,610
(40 years, 0 days) 		Retired[138]
Anthony Beilenson Democratic CA-23
(from 1977)
CA-24
(from 1993) 		January 3, 1977 January 3, 1997 7,305
(20 years, 0 days) 		Retired[139]
Mickey Edwards Republican OK-05 January 3, 1977 January 3, 1993 5,844
(16 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[140]
Dan Glickman Democratic KS-04 January 3, 1977 January 3, 1995 6,564
(18 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[141]
Marc L. Marks Republican PA-24 January 3, 1977 January 3, 1983 2,191
(6 years, 0 days) 		Retired[142]
Ted Weiss Democratic NY-20
(from 1977)
NY-17
(from 1983) 		January 3, 1977 September 14, 1992 5,733
(15 years, 255 days) 		Died in office[143]
Bill Green Republican NY-18
(from 1978)
NY-15
(from 1983) 		February 14, 1978 January 3, 1993 5,437
(14 years, 324 days) 		Lost reelection[144]
Martin Frost Democratic TX-24 January 3, 1979 January 3, 2005 9,497
(26 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[145]
Ken Kramer Republican CO-05 January 3, 1979 January 3, 1987 2,922
(8 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[146]
Howard Wolpe Democratic MI-03 January 3, 1979 January 3, 1993 5,114
(14 years, 0 days) 		Retired[147]
Bobbi Fiedler Republican CA-21 January 3, 1981 January 3, 1987 2,191
(6 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate[148]
Barney Frank Democratic MA-04 January 3, 1981 January 3, 2013 11,688
(32 years, 0 days) 		Retired[149]
Sam Gejdenson Democratic CT-02 January 3, 1981 January 3, 2001 7,305
(20 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[150]
Tom Lantos Democratic CA-11
(from 1981)
CA-12
(from 1993) 		January 3, 1981 February 11, 2008 9,900
(27 years, 39 days) 		Died in office. The only Holocaust survivor to have served in the United States Congress.[151]
Chuck Schumer Democratic NY (several) January 3, 1981 January 3, 1999 6,574
(18 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[29]
Bob Shamansky Democratic OH-12 January 3, 1981 January 3, 1983 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[152]
Ron Wyden Democratic OR-03 January 3, 1981 February 5, 1996 5,511
(15 years, 33 days) 		Resigned after being elected to the United States Senate[28]
Howard Berman Democratic CA-26
(from 1983)
CA-28
(from 2003) 		January 3, 1983 January 3, 2013 10,958
(30 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[153]
Barbara Boxer Democratic CA-06 January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 3,653
(10 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[26]
Ben Erdreich Democratic AL-06 January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 3,653
(10 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[154]
Sander Levin Democratic MI (several) January 3, 1983 January 3, 2019 13,149
(36 years, 0 days) 		Retired[155]
Mel Levine Democratic CA-27 January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 3,653
(10 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate[156]
Norman Sisisky Democratic VA-04 January 3, 1983 March 29, 2001 6,600
(18 years, 85 days) 		Died in office[157]
Lawrence J. Smith Democratic FL-16 January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 3,653
(10 years, 0 days) 		Retired[158]
Gary Ackerman Democratic NY-07
(from 1983)
NY-05
(from 1993) 		March 1, 1983 January 3, 2013 10,958
(30 years, 0 days) 		Retired[159]
Sala Burton Democratic CA-05 June 21, 1983 February 1, 1987 1,321
(3 years, 225 days) 		Died in office[160]
John Miller Republican WA-01 January 3, 1985 January 3, 1993 2,922
(8 years, 0 days) 		Retired[161]
Ben Cardin Democratic MD-03 January 3, 1987 January 3, 2007 7,305
(20 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[31]
Eliot Engel Democratic NY (several) January 3, 1989 January 3, 2021 11,688
(32 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[162]
Nita Lowey Democratic NY (several) January 3, 1989 January 3, 2021 11,688
(32 years, 0 days) 		Retired[163]
Steven Schiff Republican NM-01 January 3, 1989 March 25, 1998 3,368
(9 years, 81 days) 		Died in office[164]
Bernie Sanders Independent VT-AL January 3, 1991 January 3, 2007 5,844
(16 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[32]
Dick Zimmer Republican NJ-12 January 3, 1991 January 3, 1997 2,192
(6 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[165]
Jerry Nadler Democratic NY (several) November 3, 1992 Incumbent 11,743
(32 years, 55 days) 		[166]
Sam Coppersmith Democratic AZ-01 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[167]
Peter Deutsch Democratic FL-20 January 3, 1993 January 3, 2005 4,383
(12 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate[168]
Bob Filner Democratic CA-50
(from 1993)
CA-51
(from 2003) 		January 3, 1993 December 3, 2012 7,274
(19 years, 335 days) 		Resigned to become mayor of San Diego[169]
Eric Fingerhut Democratic OH-19 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[170]
Daniel Hamburg Democratic CA-01 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[171]
Jane Harman Democratic CA-36 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1999 2,191
(6 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of California[172]
January 3, 2001 February 28, 2011 3,708
(10 years, 56 days) 		Resigned to head the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars[172]
Herb Klein Democratic NJ-08 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[173]
David A. Levy Republican NY-04 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[174]
Marjorie Margolies Democratic PA-13 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[175]
Lynn Schenk Democratic CA-49 January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[176]
Jon D. Fox Republican PA-13 January 3, 1995 January 3, 1999 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[177]
Steve Rothman Democratic NJ-09 January 3, 1997 January 3, 2013 5,844
(16 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination[178]
Brad Sherman Democratic CA (several) January 3, 1997 Incumbent 10,221
(27 years, 360 days) 		[179]
Robert Wexler Democratic FL-19 January 3, 1997 January 3, 2010 4,748
(13 years, 0 days) 		Resigned[180]
Shelley Berkley Democratic NV-01 January 3, 1999 January 3, 2013 5,114
(14 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[181]
Jan Schakowsky Democratic IL-09 January 3, 1999 Incumbent 9,491
(25 years, 360 days) 		[182]
Anthony Weiner Democratic NY-09 January 3, 1999 June 21, 2011 4,552
(12 years, 169 days) 		Resigned[183]
Eric Cantor Republican VA-07 January 3, 2001 August 18, 2014 4,975
(13 years, 227 days) 		Resigned after having lost renomination.
First Jewish House Majority Leader[184]
Susan Davis Democratic CA-51
(from 2001)
CA-53
(from 2003) 		January 3, 2001 January 3, 2021 7,305
(20 years, 0 days) 		Retired[185]
Steve Israel Democratic NY-02
(from 2001)
NY-03
(from 2013) 		January 3, 2001 January 3, 2017 5,844
(16 years, 0 days) 		Retired[186]
Adam Schiff Democratic CA (several) January 3, 2001 December 9, 2024 8,741
(23 years, 341 days) 		Resigned to take seat as U.S. senator. [187]
Rahm Emanuel Democratic IL-05 January 3, 2003 January 2, 2009 2,191
(5 years, 365 days) 		Resigned to become White House Chief of Staff[188]
Debbie Wasserman Schultz Democratic FL-20
(from 2005)
FL-23
(from 2013)
FL-25
(from 2023) 		January 3, 2005 Incumbent 7,299
(19 years, 360 days) 		[189]
Allyson Schwartz Democratic PA-13 January 3, 2005 January 3, 2015 3,652
(10 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Pennsylvania[190]
Steve Cohen Democratic TN-09 January 3, 2007 Incumbent 6,569
(17 years, 360 days) 		[191]
Gabby Giffords Democratic AZ-08 January 3, 2007 January 25, 2012 1,848
(5 years, 22 days) 		Resigned to recover from the assassination attempt on her life in 2011.[192]
Paul Hodes Democratic NH-02 January 3, 2007 January 3, 2011 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[193]
Steve Kagen Democratic WI-08 January 3, 2007 January 3, 2011 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[194]
Ron Klein Democratic FL-22 January 3, 2007 January 3, 2011 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[195]
John Yarmuth Democratic KY-03 January 3, 2007 January 3, 2023 5,844
(16 years, 0 days) 		Retired[196]
John Adler Democratic NJ-03 January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[197]
Jason Chaffetz[b] Republican UT-03 January 3, 2009 June 30, 2017 3,100
(8 years, 178 days) 		Resigned
Alan Grayson Democratic FL-08 January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[199]
FL-09 January 3, 2013 January 3, 2017 1,827
(4 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination to the United States Senate[199]
Jared Polis Democratic CO-02 January 3, 2009 January 3, 2019 3,652
(10 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run successfully for Governor of Colorado[200]
Ted Deutch Democratic FL (several) April 13, 2010 September 30, 2022 4,553
(12 years, 170 days) 		Resigned to become CEO of the American Jewish Committee[201]
David Cicilline Democratic RI-01 January 3, 2011 May 31, 2023 4,531
(12 years, 148 days) 		Resigned to become CEO of the Rhode Island Foundation[202]
Suzanne Bonamici Democratic OR-01 January 31, 2012 Incumbent 4,715
(12 years, 332 days) 		[203]
Lois Frankel Democratic FL-22
(from 2013)
FL-21
(from 2017) 		January 3, 2013 Incumbent 4,377
(11 years, 360 days) 		[204]
Alan Lowenthal Democratic CA-47 January 3, 2013 January 3, 2023 3,652
(10 years, 0 days) 		Retired[205]
Brad Schneider Democratic IL-10 January 3, 2013 January 3, 2015 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[206]
January 3, 2017 Incumbent 2,916
(7 years, 360 days) 		[206]
Lee Zeldin Republican NY-01 January 3, 2015 January 3, 2023 2,922
8 years, 0 days 		Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of New York[207]
Josh Gottheimer Democratic NJ-05 January 3, 2017 Incumbent 2,916
(7 years, 360 days) 		[208]
David Kustoff Republican TN-08 January 3, 2017 Incumbent 2,916
(7 years, 360 days) 		[206]
Jamie Raskin Democratic MD-08 January 3, 2017 Incumbent 2,916
(7 years, 360 days) 		[209]
Jacky Rosen Democratic NV-03 January 3, 2017 January 3, 2019 730
(2 years, 0 days) 		Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[37]
Susan Wild Democratic PA-15
(from 2018)
PA-07
(from 2019) 		November 27, 2018 January 3, 2025 2,223
(6 years, 31 days) 		[210]
Andy Levin Democratic MI-09 January 3, 2019 January 3, 2023 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost renomination after redistricting[211]
Mike Levin[c] Democratic CA-49 January 3, 2019 Incumbent 2,186
(5 years, 360 days) 		[213]
Elaine Luria Democratic VA-02 January 3, 2019 January 3, 2023 1,461
(4 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[214]
Dean Phillips Democratic MN-03 January 3, 2019 January 3, 2025 2,186
(5 years, 360 days) 		[215]
Max Rose Democratic NY-11 January 3, 2019 January 3, 2021 731
(2 years, 0 days) 		Lost reelection[216]
Kim Schrier Democratic WA-08 January 3, 2019 Incumbent 2,186
(5 years, 360 days) 		[217]
Elissa Slotkin Democratic MI-08 January 3, 2019 January 3, 2025 2,186
(5 years, 360 days) 		[218]
Jake Auchincloss Democratic MA-04 January 3, 2021 Incumbent 1,455
(3 years, 360 days) 		[219]
Sara Jacobs Democratic CA-51
(from 2023)
CA-53
(from 2021) 		January 3, 2021 Incumbent 1,455
(3 years, 360 days) 		[219]
Kathy Manning Democratic NC-06 January 3, 2021 January 3, 2025 1,455
(3 years, 360 days) 		[219]
Becca Balint Democratic VT-AL January 3, 2023 Incumbent 725
(1 year, 360 days) 		[220]
Dan Goldman Democratic NY-10 January 3, 2023 Incumbent 725
(1 year, 360 days) 		[220]
Greg Landsman Democratic OH-01 January 3, 2023 Incumbent 725
(1 year, 360 days) 		[220]
Seth Magaziner Democratic RI-02 January 3, 2023 Incumbent 725
(1 year, 360 days) 		[220]
Max Miller Republican OH-07 January 3, 2023 Incumbent 725
(1 year, 360 days) 		[220]
Jared Moskowitz Democratic FL-23 January 3, 2023 Incumbent 725
(1 year, 360 days) 		[220]

Representatives-elect

[edit]
Representative-elect Party District Expected term start Notes
Laura Friedman Democratic CA-30 January 3, 2025 Elected on November 5, 2024
Craig Goldman Republican TX-12 January 3, 2025 'Elected on November 5, 2024
Eugene Vindman Democratic VA-07 January 3, 2025 'Elected on November 5, 2024

Territorial delegates

[edit]
Delegate Party Territory Term Notes
Start End Length of
service (days)
David Levy Yulee[d] Democratic Florida March 4, 1841 March 3, 1845 1,460
(3 years, 364 days) 		Office eliminated when Territory of Florida was admitted to the Union as the State of Florida[2]

Elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated

[edit]
Representative-elect Party District Year elected Notes
David Levy Yulee[d] Democratic FL-AL 1845 "Did not take his seat in the House" when elected to the Senate[221]
Samuel Marx Democratic NY-19 1922 Not seated due to death prior to start of term[222]

See also

[edit]
Others

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Born (and raised) Jewish, but converted to Episcopalianism in his mid-to-late 30s while serving as a U.S. Senator.[1]
  2. ^ Raised Jewish from birth by his Jewish father, but later converted to Mormonism.[198]
  3. ^ With a Jewish father and Catholic mother, he was baptized as a Catholic but "was raised with both the Catholic faith and also the Jewish faith."[212]
  4. ^ a b Born (and raised) Jewish, but converted to Episcopalianism in his mid-to-late 30s

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Allman, T.D. (2013). Finding Florida: The True History of the Sunshine State. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780802120762.
  2. ^ a b c d e Stone, Kurt F. (2011). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. Scarecrow Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780810857315.
  3. ^ Stone (2011), p. 15
  4. ^ Stone (2011), p. 35
  5. ^ Stone (2011), p. 60
  6. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 46
  7. ^ Stone (2011), p. 78
  8. ^ Stone (2011), p. 182
  9. ^ Stone (2011), p. 206
  10. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 160
  11. ^ Stone (2011), p. 210
  12. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 167
  13. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 281
  14. ^ Stone (2011), p. 267
  15. ^ Stone (2011), p. 348
  16. ^ Stone (2011), p. 328
  17. ^ Stone (2011), p. 340
  18. ^ Stone (2011), p. 350
  19. ^ Stone (2011), p. 401
  20. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 431
  21. ^ Stone (2011), p. 441
  22. ^ Stone (2011), p. 469
  23. ^ Stone (2011), p. 451
  24. ^ Stone (2011), p. 473
  25. ^ Stone (2011), p. 505
  26. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 415
  27. ^ Stone (2011), p. 499
  28. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 395
  29. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 385
  30. ^ Stone (2011), p. 572
  31. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 447
  32. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 483
  33. ^ Stone (2011), p. 619
  34. ^ "Bennet's Views on Religion". National Review. October 28, 2010.
  35. ^ Hamilton, Elizabeth (October 3, 2004). "The Public And Private Life Of Dick Blumenthal". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
  36. ^ "Hawaii's Jewish lieutenant governor chosen for US Senate seat". The Times of Israel. JTA. December 27, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
  37. ^ a b "Jacky Rosen". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  38. ^ "Sen. Jon Ossoff on Jewish Resilience | AJC". www.ajc.org. May 18, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  39. ^ Kornbluh, Jacob (December 9, 2024). "Adam Schiff chose Mishneh Torah for swearing in to the U.S. Senate". The Forward. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
  40. ^ Lapin, Andrew (November 6, 2024). "Elissa Slotkin, centrist Jewish Democrat, wins tight Michigan Senate race". The Forward. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  41. ^ a b c Stone (2011), p. 23
  42. ^ Stone (2011), p. 9
  43. ^ Stone (2011), p. 13
  44. ^ Stone (2011), p. 14
  45. ^ Stone (2011), pp. 22–23
  46. ^ Morais, Henry S. (1994). The Jews of Philadelphia: their history from the earliest settlements to the present time; a record of events and institutions, and of leading members of the Jewish community in every sphere of activity. Philadelphia, The Levytype Co. p. 396.
  47. ^ Stone (2011), p. 25
  48. ^ Stone (2011), p. 31
  49. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 33
  50. ^ Stone (2011), p. 37
  51. ^ Stone (2011), p. 38
  52. ^ Stone (2011), p. 40
  53. ^ Stone (2011), p. 49
  54. ^ Stone (2011), p. 51
  55. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 52
  56. ^ Stone (2011), p. 56
  57. ^ Stone (2011), p. 57
  58. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 66
  59. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 68
  60. ^ Stone (2011), pp. 71–73
  61. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 72
  62. ^ Stone (2011), p. 75
  63. ^ Stone (2011), p. 76
  64. ^ Stone (2011), p. 82
  65. ^ Stone (2011), p. 77
  66. ^ a b c Stone (2011), p. 87
  67. ^ Stone (2011), p. 90
  68. ^ Stone (2011), p. 91
  69. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 94
  70. ^ Stone (2011), p. 98
  71. ^ Stone (2011), p. 100
  72. ^ Stone (2011), p. 108
  73. ^ Stone (2011), p. 110
  74. ^ Stone (2011), p. 112
  75. ^ Stone (2011), p. 114
  76. ^ Stone (2011), p. 93
  77. ^ Stone (2011), p. 128
  78. ^ Stone (2011), p. 115
  79. ^ Stone (2011), p. 120
  80. ^ "Meyer Jacobstein". Jewish Virtual Library.
  81. ^ Stone (2011), p. 130
  82. ^ Stone (2011), p. 125
  83. ^ Stone (2011), p. 134
  84. ^ Stone (2011), p. 132
  85. ^ Stone (2011), p. 140
  86. ^ a b c Stone (2011), p. 136
  87. ^ Stone (2011), p. 138
  88. ^ Stone (2011), p. 143
  89. ^ Stone (2011), p. 144
  90. ^ Stone (2011), p. 151
  91. ^ Stone (2011), p. 150
  92. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 154
  93. ^ Stone (2011), p. 153
  94. ^ Stone (2011), p. 156
  95. ^ Stone (2011), p. 157
  96. ^ Stone (2011), p. 166
  97. ^ Stone (2011), p. 177
  98. ^ Stone (2011), p. 188
  99. ^ Stone (2011), p. 197
  100. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 172
  101. ^ Bruce Zuckerman, Dan Schnur, Lisa Ansell (eds.). American Politics and the Jewish Community. Vol. 11. West Lafatette Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2013, p. 109.
  102. ^ Stone (2011), p. 180
  103. ^ Stone (2011), p. 189
  104. ^ Stone (2011), p. 195
  105. ^ Stone (2011), p. 198
  106. ^ Stone (2011), p. 201
  107. ^ Stone (2011), p. 203
  108. ^ Stone (2011), p. 204
  109. ^ Stone (2011), p. 205
  110. ^ Stone (2011), p. 215
  111. ^ Stone (2011), p. 217
  112. ^ Stone (2011), p. 214
  113. ^ Lawrence Kestenbaum. "Charles S. Joelson Info". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
  114. ^ Stone (2011), p. 220
  115. ^ a b Stone (2011), pp. 223–225
  116. ^ Stone (2011), p. 225
  117. ^ a b c Stone (2011), p. 226
  118. ^ Stone (2011), p. 240
  119. ^ Stone (2011), p. 230
  120. ^ Stone (2011), p. 243
  121. ^ Stone (2011), p. 233
  122. ^ Stone (2011), p. 237
  123. ^ Stone (2011), p. 258
  124. ^ Stone (2011), p. 250
  125. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 246
  126. ^ Stone (2011), p. 256
  127. ^ Stone (2011), p. 278
  128. ^ Stone (2011), p. 299
  129. ^ Stone (2011), p. 270
  130. ^ Stone (2011), p. 273
  131. ^ "William Sebastian Cohen". Encyclopedia of World Biography -- The Gale Group Inc. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  132. ^ Stone (2011), p. 310
  133. ^ Stone (2011), p. 286
  134. ^ Stone (2011), p. 294
  135. ^ Stone (2011), p. 356
  136. ^ Stone (2011), p. 305
  137. ^ Stone (2011), p. 298
  138. ^ Tugend, Tom (January 26, 2001). "Undefeated Champion Rep. Henry Waxman wants to help Democrats". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Archived from the original on October 27, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
  139. ^ Stone (2011), p. 320
  140. ^ Retrieved from the Atlantic website May 5, 2010
  141. ^ Stone (2011), p. 324
  142. ^ Stone (2011), p. 335
  143. ^ Stone (2011), p. 392
  144. ^ Stone (2011), p. 332
  145. ^ Frost, Martin (May 15, 2009). "Jewish pols, players emerging". Politico. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  146. ^ Stone (2011), p. 337
  147. ^ Stone (2011), p. 345
  148. ^ Stone (2011), p. 366
  149. ^ Stone (2011), p. 377
  150. ^ "Criticism of Hagel out of proportion". Politico. January 9, 1988. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  151. ^ Stone (2011), p. 370
  152. ^ Stone (2011), p. 363
  153. ^ Stone (2011), p. 410
  154. ^ Stone (2011), p. 407
  155. ^ Stone (2011), p. 429
  156. ^ Stone (2011), p. 422
  157. ^ Stone (2011), p. 439
  158. ^ Stone (2011), p. 425
  159. ^ Stone (2011), p. 435
  160. ^ Stone (2011), p. 420
  161. ^ Stone (2011), p. 444
  162. ^ Mosley, Kandea (September 12, 2000). "A Rumble in the Bronx Feuding Politicos Pull No Punches in Congressional Race". The Village Voice. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
  163. ^ Stone (2011), p. 466
  164. ^ Stone (2011), p. 458
  165. ^ Stone (2011), p. 479
  166. ^ Stone (2011), p. 530
  167. ^ Stone (2011), p. 497
  168. ^ "After career in Congress, Peter Deutsch finds new life in Israel". July 17, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  169. ^ "New Jewish Mayor of San Diego Has Dubious Record on Israel". Los Angeles Times. November 9, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  170. ^ Stone (2011), p. 533
  171. ^ Stone (2011), p. 514
  172. ^ a b Stone (2011), p. 517
  173. ^ Stone (2011), p. 490
  174. ^ Rep. Levy Beaten in N.Y. Primary Los Angeles Times. September 29, 1994.
  175. ^ Stone (2011), p. 493
  176. ^ Stone (2011), p. 521
  177. ^ "Hoeffel, Fox Attempt To Sway Jewish Vote At A Debate At A Jewish Community Center They Agreed On Aid For Israel. They Clashed On Other Issues". November 4, 1996. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  178. ^ Stone (2011), p. 546
  179. ^ Stone (2011), p. 538
  180. ^ Stone (2011), p. 541
  181. ^ Stone (2011), p. 552
  182. ^ Winer, Todd (March 13, 1998). "3 Jewish Democrats vying in Illinois Congress race". Chicago Jewish News. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
  183. ^ Stone (2011), p. 557
  184. ^ "Eric Cantor Didn't Lose Because He's Jewish. But His Religion Has Caused Difficulties in Congress". The New Republic. June 11, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  185. ^ Rothenberg, Stuart (November 2, 2000). "Top House races of 2000". CNN. Archived from the original on September 10, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2006.
  186. ^ Stone (2011), p. 577
  187. ^ Stone (2011), p. 563
  188. ^ Hendrix, Steve (August 22, 2006). "Fighting for the Spoils Lawmaker and Rainmaker Rahm Emanuel Wants a Nov. 7 Victory for the Democrats So Bad He Can Almost Taste It. If Only He Had Time to Eat". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 9, 2006.
  189. ^ Stone (2011), p. 584
  190. ^ Stone (2011), p. 588
  191. ^ Baird, Woody (November 7, 2006). "Congressional incumbents re-elected, Cohen takes lead in Memphis". WKRN-TV. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2006.
  192. ^ Siegel, Jennifer (September 22, 2006). "A Tribe of Candidates Leads Drive To Retake House for Democrats". The Forward. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2006.
  193. ^ Stone (2011), p. 597
  194. ^ Stone (2011), p. 601
  195. ^ Stone (2011), p. 604
  196. ^ Stone (2011), p. 607
  197. ^ American Jewish Yearbook 2012. Springer. 2012. p. 92. ISBN 9789400752047.
  198. ^ Solomon, Daniel J. (January 13, 2017). "Meet Jason Chaffetz, the Mormon Congressman Who Converted From Judaism". The Forward.
  199. ^ a b "Alan Grayson, Jewish Democrat, Rides Hispanic Support Back To Washington". HuffPost. November 13, 2012.
  200. ^ Stone (2011), p. 612
  201. ^ Kampeas, Ron (April 21, 2010). "Ted Deutch, a most Jewish speech from the most Jewish district". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  202. ^ Goldberg, J.J. (November 4, 2010). "Rite of Returns: Jews Who Ran for Congress — Winners & Losers". The Forward. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  203. ^ Kampeas, Ron. "A guide to the Jewish Democratic House candidates in the 2018 midterm elections". St. Louis Jewish Light.
  204. ^ "Rep. Frankel hopes Israel doesn't become like Saudi Arabia in Congress". Congresswoman Lois Frankel | Florida's 21st District. April 17, 2019.
  205. ^ J.J. Goldberg (November 4, 2010). "Rite of Returns: Jews Who Ran for Congress — Winners & Losers". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  206. ^ a b c "Who are America's Jewish senators and congressmen?". Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  207. ^ "Biography". Congressman Lee Zeldin. December 11, 2012.
  208. ^ "Hate messages again painted at home of supporters of Jewish NJ candidate". The Times of Israel.
  209. ^ "Here's where every Jewish Congress member stands on impeaching Donald Trump". May 24, 2019.
  210. ^ Fractenberg, Ben (September 17, 2018). "Democrat Holds Slim Lead In Jew vs. Jew Race For Pennsylvania Swing Seat". The Forward.
  211. ^ "About". Representative Andy Levin. December 3, 2012.
  212. ^ "No Gambler: An Interview With Congressman Mike Levin". San Diego Jewish Journal. January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  213. ^ Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (2019). American Jewish Year Book 2019. Springer. ISBN 9783030403713. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  214. ^ "Meet Elaine Luria, The Navy Commander Running For Congress". January 30, 2018.
  215. ^ "'Dear Abby's Jewish Grandson Wins Primary In Minnesota Swing District". The Forward. August 15, 2018.
  216. ^ "Back from Afghanistan, Jewish veteran faces fresh battle for congress". The Times of Israel.
  217. ^ "Did Democratic Candidate Schrier Compare Campaign to WWII service?". King5.
  218. ^ Ron Kampeas (August 10, 2017). "These Jewish women are running for congress because of Trump". The Times of Israel. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  219. ^ a b c Kampeas, Ron (October 28, 2020). "Meet the 11 Jewish Democrats Vying in 2020 to Join Congress for the First Time". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  220. ^ a b c d e f Kampeas, Ron (October 31, 2022). "These 10 Jewish candidates could be elected to Congress for the 1st time this fall". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  221. ^ "May 26, 1845: Florida holds first statewide election". Florida History Network.
  222. ^ Stone (2011), p. 113