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This is a list of sovereign states in the 1860s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1860 and 31 December 1869. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.
Sovereign states
[edit]A
[edit]| Name and capital city | Information on status and recognition of sovereignty |
|---|---|
|
| |
A[edit] | |
|
| |
| Abuja – Abuja Emirate Capital: Abuja |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Afghanistan – Emirate of Afghanistan Capital: Kabul |
Widely recognized independent state. |
|
| |
| Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[1] Capital: Agadez |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 →  Andorra – Principality of Andorra[2]Capital: Andorra la Vella |
Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain. |
|
| |
 Anhalt – Duchy of Anhalt (from 1863 to 1 July 1867) Capital: Dessau |
Widely recognized independent state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
|
| |
 Anhalt-Bernburg – Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg (to 1863) Capital: Bernburg |
Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863. |
|
| |
| Anhalt-Dessau – Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau (to 1863) Capital: Dessau |
Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863. |
|
| |
| Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[3] Capital: Angoche |
Widely recognized independent state. |
|
| |
 Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[4] Capital: Mbarara |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
| Annam – Empire of Annam Capital: Phú Xuân |
Widely recognized state. Internal imperial system within Chinese tributary. |
|
| |
| Anziku – Anziku Kingdom Capital: Monsol |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 →  Argentina[5]Capital: Paraná (to 12 December 1861), Buenos Aires (from 12 December 1861)
|
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Aro – Aro Confederacy Capital: Arochukwu |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Ashanti – Asante Union[6] Capital: Kumasi |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa[7]Capital: Aussa |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 →  Austria (to 29 May 1867), Austria-Hungary (from 29 May 1867)Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)
|
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
B
[edit]
Baden – Grand Duchy of Baden- Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi
- Bamana – Bamana Empire (to 1861)
- Baol – Kingdom of Baol
- Basutoland – Kingdom of Basutoland (to 1868)
Bavaria – Kingdom of Bavaria
Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
Benin – Benin Empire- Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
Bolivia – Bolivian Republic
Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora- Bornu – Bornu Empire
Brazil – Empire of Brazil
Bremen – Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (to July 1, 1867)
Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei
Brunswick – Duchy of Brunswick (to July 1, 1867)
Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda
Bukhara – Emirate of Bukhara
Bunyoro – Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara
Burma – Kingdom of Burma- Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi
C
[edit]
Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia (to 1863)
→ 
Canada – Dominion of Canada (from July 1, 1867)- Cayor – Kingdom of Cayor
Central Italy – United Provinces of Central Italy (to March 22, 1860)
Chile
- Republic of Chile (to 18 September 1861)
- Republic of Chile (from 18 September 1861)
China – Great Qing
Colombia – United States of Colombia (from September 20, 1861)- Confederate States of America → Confederate States
- Cook Islands → Rarotonga
Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
D
[edit]- Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey
- Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti
Denmark
- Danish Unitary State (to 1864)
- Kingdom of Denmark (from 1864)
→ 
Dominican Republic – Dominican Republic (from August 16, 1865)
E
[edit]
→ 
Ecuador
- Republic of Ecuador (to 24 September 1860)
- Republic of Ecuador (from 24 September 1860)
→ 
→ 
El Salvador – El Salvador
Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
F
[edit]- Fante – Fante Confederacy (from 1868)
- Fiji – Tui Viti
France – Empire of the French
Frankfurt – Free City of Frankfurt (to October 8, 1866)- Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon
- Futa Toro – Imamate of Futa Toro
G
[edit]- Garo – Kingdom of Garo
- Gera – Kingdom of Gera
- Gomma – Kingdom of Gomma
Granadine Confederation – Granadine Confederation (renamed New Granada on July 18, 1861)
Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala- Gumma – Kingdom of Gumma
H
[edit]
Ha'il – Emirate of Ha'il
Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Hamburg – Free City of Hamburg (to 1867)
Hanover – Kingdom of Hanover (to September 20, 1866)
Hawaii – Kingdom of Hawaii
Hesse-Darmstadt – Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
Hesse-Homburg – Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg (to 1866)
Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) – Electorate of Hesse (to 1866)
Holstein – Duchy of Holstein (to 1866)
→ 
Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine
I
[edit]- Italy – Kingdom of Italy (from March 17, 1861)
J
[edit]
Japan
- Tokugawa shogunate (to January 3, 1868)
- Empire of Japan (from January 3, 1868)[8]
- Jimma – Kingdom of Jimma
- Jolof – Jolof Kingdom
K
[edit]- Kaabu – Kingdom of Kaabu (to 1867)
- Kaarta – Kingdom of Kaarta
- Kabulistan – Kingdom of Kabul
- Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
Kashgaria – Kingdom of Kashgaria (from 1862)- Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom
- Khasso – Kingdom of Khasso
Khiva – Khanate
of Khiva
Kokand – Khanate of Kokand- Kong – Kong Empire
Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
Korea – Kingdom of Great Joseon- Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya
L
[edit]
Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Limburg – Duchy of Limburg (to 1866)- Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea
Lippe – Principality of Lippe (to July 1, 1867)- Loango – Kingdom of Loango
- Luba – Luba Empire
Lübeck – Free City of Lübeck (Lubeck) (to 1867)- Lunda – Lunda Empire
Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
M
[edit]
Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao
Maldives – Sultanate of Maldives- Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur
- Massina – Massina Empire (to 1868)
- Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (to July 1, 1867)- Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (to July 1, 1867)
→ 
→ Mexico
- Republic of Mexico (to April 10, 1864)
- Mexican Empire (from April 10, 1864 to May 15, 1867)
- United Mexican States (from May 1867)
- Mindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao
Monaco - Principality of Monaco
Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
N
[edit]
Nassau – Duchy of Nassau (to 1866)
Negeri Sembilan – Negeri Sembilan
Nepal - Kingdom of Nepal
Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
New Granada – United States of New Granada (July 18 to September 20, 1861)
Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
North German Confederation – North German Confederation (from July 1, 1867)
O
[edit]
Oldenburg – Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (to July 1, 1867)
Orange Free State – Republic of Orange Free State[9][10][11][12][13]
Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State- Ouaddai – Ouaddai Empire
- Oyo – Oyo Empire
P
[edit]
Pahang – Sultanate of Pahang
Papal States – States of the Church
Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Perak – Sultanate of Perak
Persia – Persian Empire
Peru
- Peruvian Republic (to 14 January 1866)
- Peruvian Republic (from 14 January 1866)
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Prussia – Kingdom of Prussia (to July 1, 1867)
R
[edit]
Raiatea – Kingdom of Raiatea- Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
Rarotonga – Kingdom of Rarotonga
Reuss Elder Line – Principality of Reuss Elder Line (to July 1, 1867)
Reuss Junior Line – Principality of Reuss Junior Line (to July 1, 1867)
→ 
Romania - United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
Russia – Russian Empire- Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
Ryukyu – Kingdom of Ryūkyū
S
[edit]- Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
→ 
San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Sarawak – Kingdom of Sarawak
Sardinia – Kingdom of Sardinia (to March 17, 1861)
Saxe-Altenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (to July 1, 1867)
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha – Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (to July 1, 1867)
Saxe-Lauenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, also Duchy of Lauenburg- Saxe-Meiningen – Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (to July 1, 1867)
Saxony – Kingdom of Saxony (to July 1, 1867)- Schaumburg-Lippe – Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe (to July 1, 1867)
Schleswig – Duchy of Schleswig (to 1866)
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (to July 1, 1867)
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (to July 1, 1867)
Selangor – Sultanate of Selangor
Serbia – Principality of Serbia
Siam – Kingdom of Siam- Sikkim – Chogyalate of Sikkim
Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate
Spain – Kingdom of Spain
Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
Sweden and Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
T
[edit]
Tahiti – Kingdom of Tahiti
Tonga
- Tu'i Tonga (to 1865)
- Kingdom of Tonga (from 1865)
Toro – Toro Kingdom- Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire
Transvaal – South African Republic
→ 
Two Sicilies – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (to February 12, 1861)
U
[edit]- United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
→ 
→ 
→ 
→ 
United States – United States of America
Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
V
[edit]
→ 
Venezuela
- Republic of Venezuela (to 1864)
- United States of Venezuela (from 1864)
W
[edit]
Waldeck-Pyrmont – Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (to July 1, 1867)- Welayta – Kingdom of Welayta
Württemberg – Kingdom of Württemberg
Y
[edit]Z
[edit]
Zanzibar – Sultanate of Zanzibar (from April 6, 1861)- Zululand – Kingdom of the Zulus
Non-sovereign territories
[edit]United Kingdom
[edit]
Cape Colony – Cape of Good Hope
States claiming sovereignty
[edit]
Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
Alabama – Republic of Alabama (from January 11 to February 4, 1861)[14][15][16][17]
Araucanía and Patagonia – Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (from November 17, 1860 to January 5, 1862)- Arkansas – Republic of Arkansas (from May 6 to May 18, 1861)
Buenos Aires – State of Buenos Aires
→ 
→ 
→ 
→ 
→ 
Confederate States – Confederate States of America (from February 4, 1861 to May 5, 1865)
Couto Misto (to June 23, 1868)
Cuba – Republic of Cuba (from October 10, 1868)- Ezo – Republic of Ezo (from December 15, 1868 to June 27, 1869)
Florida – Republic of Florida (from January 10 to February 4, 1861)- Goust – Republic of Goust
Ionian Islands – United States of the Ionian Islands
Louisiana – Republic of Louisiana (from January 26 to February 4, 1861)[18][19][20][21]- Manitobah – Republic of Manitobah (from June 1867 to 1868)
Mississippi – Republic of Mississippi (from January 9 to February 1, 1861)
North Carolina – Republic of North Carolina (from May 20 to May 21, 1861)
Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (from January 22, 1863 to June 18, 1864)
→ 
South Carolina – Republic of South Carolina (from December 20, 1860 to February 8, 1861)[22][23][24][25][26]- Taiping Heavenly Kingdom - Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (to July 1864)
Tennessee - Republic of Tennessee (from June 8 to July 2, 1861)
Tavolara – Kingdom of Tavolara
Texas – Republic of Texas (from February 1 to March 2, 1861)
Virginia – Republic of Virginia (from April 17 to May 7, 1861)
References
[edit]- ^ James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
- ^ "Andorra". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. November 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
- ^ "Argentina". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
- ^ "Asante empire". Britannica. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ^ Thesiger, Wilfred (1935). "The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate". The Geographical Journal. 85 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:1935GeogJ..85....1T. doi:10.2307/1787031. JSTOR 1787031.
- ^ Jansen, Marius; Hall, John Whitney; Kanai, Madoka; Twitchett, Denis (1989). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22352-0.
One can date the 'restoration' of imperial rule from the edict of January 3, 1868.
- ^ Mathews, George D. (December 31, 1884). Alliance of the Reformed Churches Holding the Presbyterian System: Minutes and Proceedings of the Third General Council : Belfast 1884. Assembly's office – via Google Books.
Republic of Orange Free State
- ^ Kerr, Robert Pollok (December 31, 1888). The People's History of Presbyterianism in All Ages. Presbyterian Committee of Publication – via Google Books.
- ^ Churches, World alliance of reformed (December 31, 1884). Report of proceedings [afterw.] Minutes and proceedings [afterw.] Proceedings of the first (-fifteenth) General Presbyterian council [afterw.] general council of the Presbyterian alliance [afterw.] Alliance of the reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian system – via Google Books.
Republic of Orange Free State
- ^ Royal Blue Book: Fashionable Directory and Parliamentary Guide. December 31, 1899 – via Google Books.
Republic of Orange Free State
- ^ The Gospel in All Lands. proprietor. December 31, 1895 – via Google Books.
Republic of Orange Free State
- ^ Smith, William Russell (1861). The History and Debates of the Convention of the People of Alabama, Begun and Held in the City of Montgomery, on the Seventh Day of January 1861: In which is Preserved the Speeches of the Secret Sessions and Many Valuable State Papers. White, Pfister & Company – via Google Books.
Republic of Alabama
- ^ Virginia (1861). Annual Reports of Officers, Boards and Institutions of the Commonwealth of Virginia – via Google Books.
Republic of Alabama
- ^ Journal of the House of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky... State Journal Company. 1861 – via Google Books.
Republic of Alabama
- ^ Congress, United States (1858). The Congressional Globe. Blair & Rives – via Google Books.
Republic of Alabama
- ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1864 – via Google Books.
Republic of Louisiana
- ^ Congress, United States (1859). Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856. D. Appleton – via Google Books.
Republic of Louisiana
- ^ Lossing, Benson John (1866). Origins of rebellion to the Battle of Bull's Run. G. W. Childs – via Google Books.
Republic of Louisiana
- ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year. 1864 – via Google Books.
Republic of Louisiana
- ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year. D. Appleton and Company. 1868 – via Google Books.
Republic of South Carolina
- ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1870 – via Google Books.
Republic of South Carolina
- ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1864 – via Google Books.
Republic of South Carolina
- ^ The American Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events ...: Embracing Political, Civil, Military, and Social Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1863 – via Google Books.
Republic of South Carolina
- ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Civil, Military, and Social Affairs: Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton & Company. 1870 – via Google Books.
Republic of South Carolina