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List of state leaders in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC

See also: Copper Age state societies
State leaders in the 20th century BC – State leaders by year

This is a list of state leaders in the 4th and 3rd millennium BC (4000–2001 BC).

Africa: Northeast

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Lower Egypt

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Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs
Sovereign Hsekiu Pharaoh — ? ?
Khayu — ? ?
Tiu — ? ?
Thesh — ? ?
Neheb — ? ?
Wazner — Around 3100 BC?
Mekh — ? ?

Upper Egypt

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Type Name Title Royal House From To Refs
Sovereign Scorpion I Pharaoh — Around 3200 BC?
Iry-Hor — Around 3150 BC?
Ka — Around 3150 BC?
Scorpion — Around 3150 BC?
Narmer — Around 3150 BC?

Egypt united: Old Kingdom

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Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs
Sovereign Narmer Pharaoh First dynasty 3150 BC? 3125 BC? [1]
Hor-Aha Around 3050 BC?
Djer 41–54 years [2][3]
Djet 10–23 years
Merneith ? ?
Den 14–42 years
Anedjib 8–10 years
Semerkhet 8.5–9 years
Qa'a 2916 BC? 2890 BC? [4]
Hotepsekhemwy Second dynasty 2890 BC? 2853 BC? [4]
Raneb 10–39 years
Nynetjer 40–45 years
Weneg 8 years
Senedj 20 years
Seth-Peribsen 17 years
Sekhemib-Perenmaat ? ?
Khasekhemwy 17–18 years 2686 BC?
Sanakht Third dynasty 2686 BC 2668 BC
Djoser 2668 BC 2649 BC [5][6]
Sekhemkhet 2649 BC 2643 BC [7]
Khaba 2643 BC 2637 BC
Huni 2637 BC 2613 BC [8]
Sneferu Fourth dynasty 2613 BC 2589 BC
Khufu 2589 BC 2566 BC
Djedefre 2566 BC 2558 BC
Khafre 2558 BC 2532 BC
Menkaure 2532 BC 2503 BC
Shepseskaf 2503 BC 2498 BC
Userkaf Fifth dynasty 2498 BC or 2494 BC 2491 BC or 2487 BC
Sahure 2490 BC or 2487 BC 2477 BC or 2475 BC
Neferirkare Kakai 2477 BC or 2475 BC 2467 BC or 2455 BC
Neferefre 2460 BC 2458 BC or 2425 BC
Shepseskare 2467 BC or 2455 BC 2460 BC or 2448 BC
Nyuserre Ini 2445 BC or 2425 BC 2422 BC or 2421 BC
Menkauhor Kaiu 2422 BC or 2421 BC 2414 BC
Djedkare Isesi 2414 BC 2375 BC
Unas 2375 BC 2375 BC
Teti Sixth dynasty 2345 BC 2333 BC
Userkare 2333 BC 2332 BC
Pepi I Meryre 2332 BC 2283 BC
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 2283 BC 2278 BC
Pepi II Neferkare 2278 BC 2184 BC
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 2184 BC [9]
Neitiqerty Siptah 2184 BC 2181 BC

First Intermediate Period of Egypt

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Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs
Sovereign Menkare Pharaoh Eighth dynasty ? ?
Neferkare II ? ?
Neferkare Neby ? ?
Djedkare Shemai ? ?
Neferkare Khendu ? ?
Merenhor ? ?
Neferkamin ? ?
Nikare ? ?
Neferkare Tereru ? ?
Neferkahor ? ?
Neferkare Pepiseneb ? ?
Neferkamin Anu ? ?
Qakare Ibi 2169 BC 2167 BC
Neferkaure II 2167 BC 2163 BC
Neferkauhor 2163 BC 2161 BC
Neferirkare 2161 BC 2160 BC
Neferkare III Ninth dynasty ? ?
Senenh/Setut ? ?
Mer[ibre Khety] ? ?
Shed— ? ?
H— ? ?
Meryhathor Tenth dynasty 2130 BC ?
Neferkare IV ? ?
Wahkare Khety I ? ?
Merikare ? 2040 BC
Mentuhotep I Eleventh dynasty ? ?
Intef I 2134 BC 2118 BC or 2117 BC
Intef II 2117 BC or 2112 BC 2069 BC or 2063 BC
Intef III 2069 BC 2061 BC or 2060 BC
Mentuhotep II 2061 BC or 2060 BC 2040 BC

Egypt reunited: Middle Kingdom

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Asia: West

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Assyria: Early Assyrian period

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Kings who Lived in Tents
Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs
Sovereign Tudiya King — 23rd century BC?
Adamu — ? ?
Yangi — ? ?
Suhlamu — ? ?
Harharu — ? ?
Mandaru — ? ?
Imsu — ? ?
Harsu — ? ?
Didanu — ? ?
Hanu — ? ?
Zuabu — ? ?
Nuabu — ? ?
Abazu — ? ?
Belu — ? ?
Azarah — ? ?
Ushpia — Around 2030 BC?
Apiashal — ? ?
Kings whose Fathers Are Known
Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs
Sovereign Apiashal King — ? ?
Hale — ? ?
Samani — ? ?
Hayani — ? ?
Ilu-Mer — ? ?
Yakmesi — ? ?
Yakmeni — ? ?
Yazkur-el — ? ?
Ila-kabkabu — ? ?
Aminu — ? ?
Kings whose Eponyms Are not Known
Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs
Sovereign Sulili King — 21st century BC?
Kikkiya — 21st century BC?
Akiya — 21st century BC or early 20th century BC?

Ebla

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Elam

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Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs
Sovereign Humbaba ? — Around 2700 BC Around 2680 BC
Humban-Shutur ? — ? ?
The unnamed king of Awan King of Awan Awan dynasty Around 2580 BC ?
...Lu ? ?
Kur-Ishshak ? Around 2550 BC
Peli Around 2500 BC ?
Tata I ? ?
Ukku-Tanhish ? ?
Hishutash ? ?
Shushun-Tarana ? ?
Napi-Ilhush ? ?
Kikku-Siwe-Temti ? ?
Hishep-Ratep I ? ?
Luh-ishan ? Around 2325 BC [10]
Hishep-Ratep II Around 2325 BC ?
Emahsini Around 2315 BC 2311 BC
Helu ? ?
Khita Around 2250 BC [11][12]
Kutik-Inshushinak Around 2100 BC
The unnamed king of Simashki King of Shimashki Shimashki dynasty ? Around 2100 BC
Gir-Namme I ? ?
Tazitta I Around 2040 BC Around 2037 BC
Eparti I ? Around 2033 BC
Gir-Namme II Around 2033 BC ?
Tazitta II ? ?
Lurak-Luhhan Around 2028 BC 2022 BC
Hutran-Temti ? ?
Indattu-Inshushinak I ? 2016 BC
Kindattu Before 2006 BC After 2005 BC [13]

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe. A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1992, p. 389, ISBN 978-0-631-17472-1.
  2. ^ Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and Its Associated Fragments, (Kegan Paul International), 2000. p.79
  3. ^ Grimal, Nicolas (1994). A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 528. ISBN 0-631-19396-0.
  4. ^ a b Bard, Kathryn A. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-415-18589-9.
  5. ^ Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95
  6. ^ Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258
  7. ^ Clayton (1994) p.32
  8. ^ Clayton (1994) p.42
  9. ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73
  10. ^ SCHEIL, V. (1931). "Dynasties Élamites d'Awan et de Simaš". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 28 (1): 1–46. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23283945.
  11. ^ Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 444-445. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0.
  12. ^ Leick, Gwendolyn (2001). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Psychology Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-415-13231-2.
  13. ^ D. T. Potts (2016). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press. p. 135.

Literature

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