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Lambeth (/ˈlæmbəθ/ )[1] is a London borough in South London, England, which forms part of Inner London. Its name was recorded in 1062 as Lambehitha ("landing place for lambs") and in 1255 as Lambeth. The geographical centre of London is at Frazier Street near Lambeth North tube station,[2] though nearby Charing Cross on the other side of the Thames in the City of Westminster is traditionally considered the centre of London.[3]
History
[edit]The area of the modern borough had historically been part of the county of Surrey, and generally corresponds to the three ancient parishes of Lambeth, Clapham and Streatham.
The parish of Lambeth included the archiepiscopal Lambeth Palace, and formed part of the Hundred of Brixton. It was an elongated north–south parish with two miles (three kilometres) of River Thames frontage opposite the cities of London and Westminster. Lambeth became part of the Metropolitan Police District in 1829.
From 1856 the area of the modern borough was governed by the Metropolitan Board of Works, which was established to provide services across the metropolis of London.[4] In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the County of London. From 1856 until 1900 the lower tier of local government within the metropolis comprised various parish vestries and district boards; the parish of Lambeth was governed by its vestry, whilst Clapham and Streatham were both included in the Wandsworth District. In 1900 the lower tier was reorganised into metropolitan boroughs. The parish of Lambeth became the Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth, and the old Wandsworth District became the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth.[5]
The modern London borough was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963. It was a merger of the old borough of Lambeth and the Clapham and Streatham areas from the old Wandsworth borough.[6]
When the government was drafting the boundaries for the London boroughs in the early 1960s, it initially suggested that the Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth and the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark be merged into a new borough; the southern and eastern sections of the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth (including Clapham, Streatham and Tooting) would form another. South Shields town clerk R.S. Young was commissioned to make final recommendations to the government on the shape of the future London boroughs, and he noted that the Wandsworth council opposed the partition of its borough. However, Wandsworth's suggestion to merge Lambeth with the Metropolitan Borough of Battersea was rejected by both councils involved. Young believed that residents of Clapham and Streatham would be more familiar with Brixton than with Wandsworth, and recommended a new borough formed from the Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth and six wards and portions of two others from the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth.[7]
In the 2016 European Union referendum, Lambeth had the highest share of Remain votes in the United Kingdom at 78.62%, second to overseas territory Gibraltar's 95.9%.[8]
Geography
[edit]Lambeth is a long, thin borough, about three miles (five kilometres) wide and seven miles (eleven kilometres) long. Brixton is its civic centre, and there are other town centres. The largest shopping areas are (in order of size) Streatham, Brixton, Vauxhall, Clapham and West Norwood.
In the northern part of the borough are the central London districts of the South Bank, Vauxhall and Lambeth; in the south are the suburbs of Gipsy Hill, Streatham, West Dulwich and West Norwood. In between are the developed and inner-city districts of Brixton, Brixton Hill, Streatham Hill, Clapham, Clapham Park, Herne Hill, Stockwell, Tulse Hill and Kennington, each at different stages of gentrification with suburban and urban elements. Vauxhall and South Lambeth are central districts in the process of redevelopment with high-density business and residential property. Streatham lies between suburban London and inner-city Brixton, with the suburban and developed areas of Streatham, Streatham Hill and Streatham Vale.
The London Borough of Southwark lies to the east of the Borough of Lambeth. To the west is the London Borough of Wandsworth; to the south-west is the London Borough of Merton; and to the south is the London Borough of Croydon and the London Borough of Bromley.
Parks and green space
[edit]Lambeth's open spaces include Brockwell Park and Lido, Streatham Common, half of Clapham Common, West Norwood Cemetery, Archbishop's Park, Norbury Park, Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens and Ruskin Larkhall and Kennington Parks.
Landmarks
[edit]Along and around the South Bank, a tourist area has developed around the former Greater London Council headquarters of County Hall and the Southbank Centre and National Theatre. Also on the river is the London Eye and Shell Centre. Nearby is St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace and the Florence Nightingale Museum. Nearby is Brixton, home of Lambeth Town Hall and the Brixton Murals.
Landmark church buildings include:
- St Mary's, Lambeth (now the Garden Museum)
- The four "Waterloo Churches" in the former Lambeth Parish:
- Holy Trinity, Clapham
- St Leonard's, Streatham
- Christ Church, Streatham Hill
- Christ Church (Church of England), Brixton Road, North Brixton
- All Saints' Church, West Dulwich (Church of England)
- Holy Trinity, Trinity Rise, Tulse Hill
- St John the Divine (Church of England), Vassall Road
The Oval cricket ground in Kennington is the home of Surrey County Cricket.
The Basaveshwara statue at the Albert Embankment erected by the former Mayor of Lambeth Neeraj Patil was unveiled by the Prime Minister of India on 14 November 2015.[9]
Governance
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The local authority is Lambeth Council, which meets at Lambeth Town Hall in the Brixton area of the borough and has its main offices at the nearby Civic Centre.
Greater London representation
[edit]Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly, the borough forms part of the Lambeth and Southwark constituency.
Westminster Parliament
[edit]The borough has three Parliamentary constituencies: Dulwich and West Norwood (shared with Southwark), Streatham, and Vauxhall.
Demography
[edit]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 34,135 | — |
| 1811 | 49,511 | +45.0% |
| 1821 | 68,458 | +38.3% |
| 1831 | 102,524 | +49.8% |
| 1841 | 131,131 | +27.9% |
| 1851 | 158,559 | +20.9% |
| 1861 | 204,252 | +28.8% |
| 1871 | 249,945 | +22.4% |
| 1881 | 295,637 | +18.3% |
| 1891 | 332,619 | +12.5% |
| 1901 | 357,316 | +7.4% |
| 1911 | 383,848 | +7.4% |
| 1921 | 388,779 | +1.3% |
| 1931 | 393,782 | +1.3% |
| 1941 | 355,970 | −9.6% |
| 1951 | 321,795 | −9.6% |
| 1961 | 315,184 | −2.1% |
| 1971 | 308,740 | −2.0% |
| 1981 | 244,153 | −20.9% |
| 1991 | 256,406 | +5.0% |
| 2001 | 266,170 | +3.8% |
| 2011 | 303,086 | +13.9% |
| Note:[10] | ||
Ethnicity
[edit]
| Ethnic Group | Year | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1966 estimations[11][12] | 1971 estimations[13] | 1981 estimations[14][15] | 1991 census[16][17] | 2001 census[18] | 2011 census[19] | 2021 census[20] | ||||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | – | 93.3% | – | 86.2% | 189,718 | 76.3% | 178,168 | 69.4% | 166,058 | 62.39% | 173,025 | 57.09% | 174,778 | 55% |
| White: British | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 131,939 | 49.57% | 118,250 | 39.02% | 119,395 | 37.6% |
| White: Irish | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,689 | 3.26% | 7,456 | 2.46% | 6,828 | 2.1% |
| White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 195 | 0.06% | 146 | 0.0% |
| White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,537 | 0.5% |
| White: Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25,430 | 9.55% | 47,124 | 15.55% | 46,872 | 14.8% |
| Asian or Asian British: Total | – | – | – | – | 10,663 | 4.3% | 15,609 | 6.1% | 15,526 | 5.83% | 20,938 | 6.91% | 23,051 | 7.3% |
| Asian or Asian British: Indian | – | – | – | – | 4,328 | 1.7% | 5,500 | 2.1% | 5,316 | 2.00% | 4,983 | 1.64% | 6,054 | 1.9% |
| Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | – | – | 1,632 | 0.6% | 2,120 | 0.8% | 2,634 | 0.99% | 3,072 | 1.01% | 3,868 | 1.2% |
| Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | – | – | 917 | 0.4% | 1,646 | 0.6% | 2,169 | 0.81% | 2,221 | 0.73% | 2,502 | 0.8% |
| Asian or Asian British: Chinese | – | – | – | – | 2,104 | 0.8% | 3,224 | 1.3% | 3,362 | 1.26% | 4,573 | 1.51% | 4,986 | 1.6% |
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | – | – | 1,682 | 0.7% | 3,119 | 1.2% | 2,045 | 0.77% | 6,089 | 2.01% | 5,641 | 1.8% |
| Black or Black British: Total | – | – | – | – | 43,978 | 17.7% | 56,793 | 22.1% | 68,554 | 25.76% | 78,542 | 25.91% | 76,145 | 24% |
| Black or Black British: African | – | – | – | – | 10,883 | 4.4% | 17,018 | 6.6% | 30,836 | 11.59% | 35,187 | 11.61% | 37,359 | 11.8% |
| Black or Black British: Caribbean | – | – | – | – | 27,564 | 11.1% | 32,702 | 12.7% | 32,139 | 12.07% | 28,886 | 9.53% | 28,991 | 9.1% |
| Black or Black British: Other Black | – | – | – | – | 5,531 | 2.2% | 7,073 | 2.7% | 5,579 | 2.10% | 14,469 | 4.77% | 9,795 | 3.1% |
| Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12,854 | 4.83% | 23,160 | 7.64% | 25,630 | 8% |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,322 | 2.00% | 8,302 | 2.74% | 8,348 | 2.6% |
| Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,159 | 0.81% | 4,301 | 1.42% | 4,006 | 1.3% |
| Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,100 | 0.79% | 3,574 | 1.18% | 4,541 | 1.4% |
| Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3,273 | 1.23% | 6,983 | 2.30% | 8,735 | 2.7% |
| Other: Total | – | – | – | – | 4,331 | 1.7% | 6,031 | 2.4% | 3,177 | 1.19% | 7,421 | 2.45% | 18,046 | 5.6% |
| Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,728 | 0.57% | 2,649 | 0.8% |
| Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3,177 | 1.19% | 5,693 | 1.88% | 15,397 | 4.8% |
| Ethnic minority: Total | – | 6.7% | – | 13.8% | 58,972 | 23.7% | 78,433 | 30.6% | 100,111 | 37.61% | 130,061 | 42.91% | 142,872 | 45% |
| Total | – | 100% | – | 100% | 248,690 | 100% | 256,601 | 100% | 266,169 | 100.00% | 303,086 | 100.00% | 317,650 | 100% |
| Ethnic Group | Ethnicity of Pupils in Lambeth | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000[21] | 2014[21] | 2023[21] | |
| % | % | % | |
| White: Total | 38.6% | 29.3% | 30.7% |
| White: British | 24.9% | 13.7% | 15.3% |
| White: Irish | 1.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% |
| White: Portuguese | 4.4% | 5.9% | 3% |
| White: Turkish | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3% |
| White: Greek | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.1% |
| White: Other | 7% | 8.7% | 11.6% |
| Asian or Asian British: Total | 6.7% | 5.7% | 6.2% |
| Asian or Asian British: Indian | 1.6% | 0.7% | 0.9% |
| Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.5% |
| Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.3% |
| Asian or Asian British: Chinese | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.5% |
| Asian or Asian British: Vietnamese | 0.9% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | 1.3% | 1.8% |
| Black or Black British: Total | 54.8% | 44.7% | 38.4% |
| Black or Black British: African | 21.2% | 24.2% | 21.7% |
| Black or Black British: Caribbean | 22.6% | 16% | 12.4% |
| Black or Black British: Other Black | 11% | 4.5% | 4.3% |
| Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | 12.9% | 15.7% |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | 4.6% | 4.5% |
| Mixed: White and Black African | – | 2% | 2.2% |
| Mixed: White and Asian | – | 0.9% | 1.5% |
| Mixed: Other Mixed | – | 5.4% | 7.5% |
| Other: Total | – | 4.6% | 5.9% |
| Ethnic minority: Total | 61.4% | 70.7% | 69.3% |
| Total | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Language
[edit]| Language | 1992 | 2014 | 2023[21] |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | 76.0% | 49.6% | 51.8% |
| Portuguese | 1.5% | 7.6% | 6% |
| Spanish | 0.9% | 5.1% | 7.1% |
| Somali | 0.1% | 4.5% | 3.8% |
| French | 1.0% | 3.7% | 3.1% |
| Yoruba | 3.2% | 3.4% | 2.1% |
| Akan/TwiFante | 1.5% | 2.7% | 2.1% |
| Polish | 0.1% | 2.6% | 2.8% |
| Arabic | 1.2% | 2.5% | 3.1% |
| Bengali | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.2% |
Religion
[edit]| Religion | 2011[23] | 2021[24] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | |
| Christian | 160,944 | 53.1 | 138,714 | 43.7 |
| Buddhist | 2,963 | 1.0 | 2,437 | 0.8 |
| Hindu | 3,119 | 1.0 | 3,179 | 1.0 |
| Jewish | 1,134 | 0.4 | 1,344 | 0.4 |
| Muslim | 21,500 | 7.1 | 25,871 | 8.1 |
| Sikh | 440 | 0.1 | 527 | 0.2 |
| Other religion | 1,682 | 0.6 | 2,351 | 0.7 |
| No religion | 84,803 | 28.0 | 119,123 | 37.5 |
| Religion not stated | 26,501 | 8.7% | 24,110 | 7.6 |
| Total | 303,086 | 100.00 | 317,600 | 100.0 |
Sexuality
[edit]Lambeth is the local authority with the highest relative gay or lesbian population in the UK, at 5.5%, with the borough containing the gay village of Vauxhall and the area around Clapham Common.[25]
Arts
[edit]- South London Theatre, a community theatre in West Norwood
- National Theatre
- Southbank Centre
- Old Vic Theatre
- Young Vic Theatre
- Ballet Rambert
- British Film Institute
- Black Cultural Archives
- Beconsfield
- Gasworks Gallery
- Newport Street Gallery
- Ovalhouse theatre
- Cinema Museum
Transport
[edit]The borough covers London Waterloo railway station, the Waterloo tube station network and (until 2007) the London terminus for Eurostar. National Rail service in Lambeth is provided by South Western Railway, Southeastern, Southern, Thameslink and London Overground.
Bridges and tunnels
[edit]
- Waterloo Bridge, incorporating the National Film Theatre
- Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges
- Lambeth Bridge
- Westminster Bridge
- Vauxhall Bridge
Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges, seen from the north
Railway stations
[edit]- Brixton
- Gipsy Hill
- Herne Hill
- Loughborough Junction
- Streatham
- Streatham Common
- Streatham Hill
- Tulse Hill
- Vauxhall
- Waterloo
- Waterloo East
- West Norwood
London Overground stations
[edit]Tube stations
[edit]
Commuting
[edit]In March 2011, the primary forms of transport borough residents used to travel to work were the London Underground, metro, light rail or tram (21.4 percent of residents aged 16–74); bus, minibus or coach (10 percent); train (10 percent); automobile (8.6 percent); bicycle (5.7 percent), or walking (5.4 percent). A small percentage (3.2 percent) worked mainly at—or from—home.[26]
Twinning
[edit]The former Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth and its successor have been twinned with the Vincennes district of Paris in France since 1955. Lambeth is also twinned with Bluefields, Nicaragua; Brooklyn, New York; and Spanish Town, Jamaica.
Coat of arms
[edit]The borough's coat of arms is that of the former Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth, with two gold stars (mullets) in the second and third quarters of the shield indicating the addition of the districts of Clapham and Streatham. Its motto is "Spectemur agendo" ("Let us be judged according to our conduct").
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Lambeth". Collins Dictionary.
- ^ "Where is the Centre of London? An Update | Londonist". Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^ BBC. "Where Is The Centre Of London?".
- ^ Metropolis Management Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. 120)
- ^ London Government Act 1899 (62 & 63 Vict. c. 14)
- ^ Youngs, Frederic (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Vol. I: Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society. ISBN 0-901050-67-9.
- ^ "London Government: The London Boroughs", Ministry of Housing and Local Government, HMSO, 1962. See in particular paragraphs 51–57.
- ^ "EU referendum: full results and analysis". The Guardian. 24 June 2016.
- ^ "PM unveils Basaveshwara Statue, inaugurates Dr Ambedkar Memorial in London". PMindia. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ^ "Lambeth: Total Population". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
- ^ Frasure, Robert C. (1971). "Constituency Racial Composition and the Attitudes of British M. P.'s". Comparative Politics. 3 (2): 201–210. doi:10.2307/421299. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 421299.
- ^ KRAMER, DANIEL C. (1969). "White Versus Colored in Britain: An Explosive Confrontation?". Social Research. 36 (4): 585–605. ISSN 0037-783X. JSTOR 40969991.
- ^ "Migration and London's growth" (PDF). LSE.
- ^ Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration. Internet Archive. London : HMSO. 1996. ISBN 978-0-11-691655-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Peach, Ceri (1 July 1986). "A geographical perspective on the 1981 urban riots in England". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 9 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1080/01419870.1986.9993541. ISSN 0141-9870.
The scale of the area for which one makes the definition will clearly affect the percentage. For example, in Great Britain the coloured ethnic population may form 4 per cent of the population; in England 4.6 per cent; in Greater London 14.3 per cent; in Lambeth 23.0 per cent; in Ferndale ward 43.3 percent and in certain streets, 100 per cent. In making statistical analyses of riots there is a major problem of the appropriate a real scale
- ^ Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration. Internet Archive. London : HMSO. 1996. ISBN 978-0-11-691655-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "1991 census – theme tables". NOMIS. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ "KS006 - Ethnic group". NOMIS. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ "Ethnic Group by measures". NOMIS. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
- ^ "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Lambeth Pupil Survey 2023" (PDF).
- ^ Association, Local Government. "Lambeth State of the Borough 2016". lginform.local.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ "2011 census - theme tables". Retrieved 5 September 2014.
- ^ "Religion - 2021 census". Office of National Statistics. 29 November 2022. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ Ross, Alice (19 April 2017). "Out in the country – rural hotspots found as gay population mapped". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ "2011 Census: QS701EW Method of travel to work, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 November 2013. Percentages are of all residents aged 16–74 including those not in employment. Respondents could only pick one mode, specified as the journey's longest part by distance.
External links
[edit]
- Lambeth.gov.uk London Borough of Lambeth Official Website
- electionmemory.com Independent Lambeth Council Elections Forum
- General information on Lambeth parks and green spaces
- Community Police Consultative Group for Lambeth Independent forum for community and statutory agencies to address community safety and policing issues.
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