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Ludic language

Ludic
lyydin kiel', l'yyd'ikiel'
Native toRussia (Republic of Karelia)
RegionNear northwestern shore of Lake Onega
Native speakers
300 (2017)[1]
Uralic
Latin (Karelian alphabet)
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3lud
Glottologludi1246
ELPLudian
Distribution of Karelian and Ludic at the beginning of the 20th century[3][4]
[image reference needed]
Lude is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
Current distribution of Karelian and Ludic[3][4]

Ludic, or Ludian, or Ludic Karelian (Luudi, Lyydi or lüüdi), is a Finnic language in the Uralic language family or a Karelian dialect. It is transitional between the Olonets Karelian language and the Veps language.[1] It is spoken by 300 Karelians in the Republic of Karelia in Russia, near the southwestern shore of Lake Onega, including a few children.[5]

Classification

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Flag of Ludic Karelian

In the Finnish research tradition, Ludic has been considered a transitional dialect area between Karelian and Veps,[6] while in the Russian research tradition it is, on ethnographic grounds, normally considered a dialect of Karelian. A status as an independent language has been proposed in recent times.[7] Ludic is characterised by a specific mixture of Karelian-like traits (such as the diphthongisation of the Proto-Finnic non-open long vowels: e.g. *pää > piä 'head', *soo > suo 'swamp', contrast Veps pä, so)[8] and Veps-like traits (such as an almost complete loss of consonant gradation).[9] Like Veps, Ludic has also partially lost vowel harmony.

Dialects

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Ludic comprises three main dialect groups:[7]

  • Ludic
    • Northern (Lake) Ludic, at the northwestern shores of Lake Onega
    • Central (River) Ludic, at settlements along river Shuya and near the city of Petrozavodsk
    • Kuďäŕv (Forest) Ludic, in the Mikhaylovskoye rural locality

The strongest Karelian resemblance is found in Northern Ludic, while the Kuďäŕv dialect shares the most features with Veps.

Phonology

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Vowels

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Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i y u
Mid e ø o
Open æ ɑ

Consonants

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Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain pal.
Plosive voiceless p (pʲ) t tʲ k
voiced b (bʲ) d dʲ ɡ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ
voiced d͡ʒ
Fricative voiceless (f) (fʲ) s sʲ ʃ (x) h
voiced v (vʲ) z zʲ ʒ
Nasal m (mʲ) n nʲ
Approximant l lʲ j
Rhotic r rʲ

Writing system

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Ludic is written using the unified Karelian alphabet, but in some publications the letter Ü is used instead of Y, as in Veps.

Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C Č D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S Š Z Ž T U V Y (Ü) Ä Ö ʼ
Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a b c č d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s š z ž t u v y (ü) ä ö ʼ

Phrases

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Ludic at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Законодательные акты: О государственной поддержке карельского, вепсского и финского языков в Республике Карелия". Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
  3. ^ a b Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic". PLOS ONE. 17 (6): e0269648. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769648R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648. PMC 9176854. PMID 35675367.
  4. ^ a b Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). Geographical database of the Uralic languages (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188
  5. ^ "Uhanalainen lyydi on oma itämerensuomalainen kielensä | Humanistinen tiedekunta | Helsingin yliopisto".
  6. ^ Itkonen, Terho (1971). "Aunuksen äänneopin erikoisuudet ja aunukselaismurteiden synty". Virittäjä (75): 182.
  7. ^ a b Pahomov 2011, p. 10.
  8. ^ Pahomov 2011, p. 29.
  9. ^ Pahomov 2011, p. 32.
  10. ^ Pahomov, Miikul (2019). Venä-lüüdin paginnik Русско-людиковский разговорник. Lüüdilaine Siebr.

Literature

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