Medical Scientist Training Program

The Medical Scientist Training Programs (MSTPs) are dual-degree training programs that streamline the education towards both clinical (typically MD) and research doctoral degrees.^[1] MSTPs are offered by some United States medical schools, who are awarded financial support from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The goal of these training programs is to produce physician scientists who can translate laboratory discoveries into effective treatments for patients.

The NIH began awarding the MSTP designation in 1964. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Northwestern University, and New York University were the original three MSTP programs that were established. As of 2024, there were 58 NIH-funded MSTP programs in the US (56 MD-PhD, 4 DVM-PhD), supporting over 1000 students at all stages of the program.^[1][2][3]

The program has its origins in the non-NIH funded MD-PhD training offered at the nation's research-centric medical schools. An early dual-degree program began at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in 1956.^[4] Other prominent medical schools quickly followed this example and developed integrated MD-PhD training structures.

In 1964, the NIH created the Medical Scientist Training Program to begin funding this medical and research education. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Northwestern University, and New York University were the original three MSTP programs that were established.

Admission to MSTPs is the most competitive of all graduate medical education programs in the country.

In 2018, 672 of 1855 total applicants successfully matriculated into MD-PhD programs (36.2%), but only 513 of these slots were at MSTPs, making the matriculation rate for MSTPs nationally 27.7%.^[5]

In comparison, MD-only programs had 40,174 positions for a total of 95,797 applicants (a 41.9% matriculation rate).^[6] At each institution, these acceptance rates are varied and are often far more competitive than the national data. Applicants must have very strong MCAT scores and GPAs to be considered for positions in MSTP. Reflecting this fact, from 2018 to 2019 the average GPA and MCAT for matriculants to MSTPs were 3.79 and 515.6, respectively.^[7] MSTP applicants will often have very strong research experience as well, in addition to the typical qualifications required from MD-only applicants.^{[citation needed]}

Interviews for admissions at MSTPs tend to focus on the applicant's career goals and past experiences in scientific research. These may include short research talks or presentations followed by rigorous questioning by an interviewer or interviewing committee. MSTP applicants are often required to demonstrate a deep understanding of their past research projects. Multiple interview sessions conducted by different interviewers that last for 2 days are very common. At some MSTPs, applicants may also be required (or be offered the chance) to interview with the MD-only program.^{[citation needed]}

MSTP matriculants receive substantial financial awards that make them financially competitive to their MD-only counterparts even with the longer training periods. These allowances cover all tuition expenses, provide travel and supply allowances, and accommodate living expenses through an annual stipend (ranging from $26,000 to $39,000). Overall grants typically range from $600,000 - $1,000,000. These monetary awards compare to approximately $250,000 of pre-tax income.^{[citation needed]}

Since MSTP grants are a type of National Research Service Award, students must be nationals (citizens or noncitizens) of the United States or possess a I-151 or I-551 alien registration receipt. However many MSTPs offer non-MSTP grant funded positions, allowing for non-citizens and non-legalized nationals to be accepted into the MD-PhD program at that particular school. These programs are indistinguishable between the students besides the funding source. Furthermore, many non-MSTP medical schools have MD-PhD programs that are not supported by the NIH but offer similar training opportunities and grant stipends.{{^[8]}}

Several MSTPs allow for the PhD portion of the MSTP to be completed outside the home university at an allied institution. These relationships provide additional and sometimes stronger research opportunities to students in these MSTPs.

Institution	Year Founded	Allied Institution(s)
Albert Einstein College of Medicine	1964[9]
Baylor College of Medicine	1976[9]	Rice University
Case Western Reserve University	1975[9]	Cleveland Clinic
Colorado State University	2020[10][note 1]
Columbia University	1969[9]
Cornell University	1974,[9] 2023[12][note 2]	Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and The Rockefeller University (Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program)
Duke University	1966[9]
Emory University	1976[9]	Georgia Institute of Technology
Harvard University	1974[9]	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Indiana University	1993[14]	Purdue University
Johns Hopkins University	1975[9]
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science	1986[15]
Medical College of Wisconsin	2010[16]
Medical University of South Carolina	1999[17]
Mount Sinai School of Medicine	1976[9]
New York University	1964[9]
Northwestern University	1964[9]
Oregon Health & Science University	1982[18]
Penn State University	2016[19]
Stanford University	1968[9]
Stony Brook University	1992[9]	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory
Ohio State University	2011[20]
Tufts University	1994[9]
University of Alabama at Birmingham	1992[9]
University of Arizona	1990[21]
University of California, Davis	2020[22][note 3]
University of California, Irvine	1999[25]
University of California, Los Angeles	1983[9]	California Institute of Technology
University of California, San Diego	1975[9]	Salk Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, and La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
University of California, San Francisco	1977[9]	University of California, Berkeley
University of Chicago	1968[9]
University of Cincinnati	2002[26]	Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
University of Colorado Denver	1993[9]	University of Colorado Boulder and National Jewish Health
University of Illinois Chicago	2007[27]
University of Iowa	1976[9]
University of Kansas Medical Center	2020[28]	Stowers Institute for Medical Research
University of Maryland, Baltimore	2010[29]	University of Maryland, College Park, NIH Intramural Research Program
University of Massachusetts	2013[30]
University of Miami	2017[31]
University of Michigan	1980[9]
University of Minnesota	1988[9]
University of New Mexico	2024[32]
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	1999[33]	North Carolina State University
University of Pennsylvania	1969,[9] 1977[34][note 4]	Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
University of Pittsburgh	1987[9]	Carnegie Mellon University
University of Rochester	1973[9]
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston	2018[4]	University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio	2018[5]	Texas Biomedical Research Institute
University of Texas Southwestern	1982[9]
University of Utah	2023[6]
University of Virginia	1976[9]
University of Washington	1970[9]	Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Benaroya Research Institute
University of Wisconsin-Madison	1968[9]
Vanderbilt University	1976[9]
Virginia Commonwealth University	2022[36]
Washington University in St. Louis	1969[9]
Yale University	1969[9]

According to a 2010 report of students from the 1970s-2010s, 95% of MSTP graduates entered a residency program after graduation.^[37]

Applicants for NIH research grants that completed an MSTP program were three times more likely to be successfully funded than graduates with an MD/PhD that did not participate in an MSTP program.^[37]

A number of medical schools without funded NIH MSTP grant slots maintain their own non-MSTP MD-PhD combined degree programs, sometimes offering full or partial student financial support funded by the schools themselves.^[2] As of 2021, 75 institutions provide a means for non-MSTP MD-PhD education in the United States.^[38] Internationally, there are 34 non-US institutions that provide MD–PhD training.^[39]

• American Physician Scientists Association

• NIH Overview
• American Physician Scientists Association
• List of NIH MSTPs
• Ulane, Rod (3 October 2003). "Careers: The M.D./Ph.D.: An Academic Path to a Career as a Physician-Scientist". Science.