Mohe people

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The Mohe, Malgal, Mogher, or Mojie^[1] were historical groups of people that once occupied parts of what is now Northeast Asia during late antiquity. The two most well known Mohe groups were known as the Heishui Mohe, located along the Amur River, and the Sumo Mohe, named after the Songhua River.^[2] They have been traditionally defined by the approximate use of what would have been Tungusic languages. The Heishui Mohe are commonly thought as being direct ancestors to the 12th century Jurchens. The Tang documented the Mohe as inhabiting the land of Sushen, to the northeast of the Tang, east of the Turks, and north of Goguryeo.^[3]

The Mohe constituted a major part of the population in the kingdom of Balhae in northeast Asia, which lasted from the late 7th century to early 10th century. After the fall of Balhae, few historical traces of the Mohe can be found, though they are considered to be the primary ethnic group from whom the Jurchen people descended. The Heishui Mohe in particular are considered to be the direct ancestors of the Jurchens, from whom the 17th century Manchu people and Qing dynasty founders originated.^[4] The Mohe practiced a sedentary agrarian lifestyle and were predominantly farmers who grew soybean, wheat, millet, and rice, supplemented by pig raising and hunting for meat.^[5][6] The Mohe were also known to have worn pig and dog skin coats.^[7]

The Chinese exonym Mohe (靺鞨) is a graphic pejorative written with mo 靺 "socks; stockings" and he 鞨 "shoes". Mo (靺) (Middle Chinese: /muɑt̚/) is an adjective, a customary expression meaning "barbarian" or Xiongnu^{[citation needed]}. Before the Five dynasties period, it was recorded as "靺羯", such as on the Honglujing Stele.

He 鞨 is gal (Middle Chinese gat^{[citation needed]} or /ɦɑt̚/), meaning "stone" by Mohe/Malgal, Jie/Gal language.^{[citation needed]} The Jie ruler Shi Le (石勒) takes the surname shi (石 "stone") from gal. According to the History of Jin (Jin Shi), Shi Tumen (石土門) is the prince of the Jurchen people, whose surname shi hints to a connection with the Mohe and Jie.

The ethnonym of the Mohe bears a notable resemblance to that of the later historically attested *Motgit in Middle Chinese (Chinese: 勿吉; pinyin: mò jí; Jyutping: mat6 gat1; Korean: 물길 [Mulgil]; Japanese: もつきつ [Motsukitsu]).

The name of the Mohe also appears as "Maka" in "Shin-Maka" (Japanese 新靺鞨, しんまか) or "New Mohe," which is the name of a dance and the musical piece that accompanies it; the dance and song were introduced to the Japanese court during the Nara period or around the beginning of the Heian period from the Balhae kingdom. In modern Japanese historical texts, the name of the Mohe is annotated with the "kana" reading Makkatsu (まっかつ), which is probably a transliteration based on the standard Sino-Japanese readings of the Chinese characters used to transcribe the ethnonym of the Mohe.

According to some records, there were seven or maybe eight Mohe tribes :

• Sumo Mohe
  • Tudiji (突地稽 pinyin: Tūdìjī, Manchu: Tulergi (alien people), Hangul: 돌지계), ca. 580-620
  • Li Jinhang (李謹行 pinyin: Lǐ Jǐnháng, Hangul: 이근행), 619-683, Tudiji's son
  • Dae Joyeong (大祚榮 pinyin: Dá Zuòróng, Hangul: 대조영), ?-719
• Baishan Mohe
  • Geolsa Biu (乞四比羽 pinyin: Qǐsì Bǐyǔ, Hangul: 걸사비우)
• Heisui Mohe
  • A Tou (阿頭 pinyin: Ā Tóu, Manchu: Uju (head, chief), Hangul:아두)
  • Tou Fu (陁弗 pinyin: Toú fú, Hangul: 타불)
  • Su Wugai (蘇勿蓋 pinyin: Sū Wùgài, Manchu: Sotki (crusian), Hangul: 소홀개)
  • Gao Zhimen (高之門 pinyin: Gāo Zīemén, Manchu: Hocihon mangga (handsome and strong), Hangul: 고지문)
  • Wusukemeng (烏素可蒙 pinyin: Wū sù kě méng, Manchu: Osohon mangga (small but strong), Hangul: 오소고몽)
  • Nisuliji (倪屬利稽 pinyin: Ní shǔ lì jī, Manchu: Nisurigi (finger ring for archery), Hangul: 아속리계)
• Funie Mohe
  • Shiyimeng (失異夢 pinyin: Shī yì mèng, Manchu: Silin mangga (elite and strong), Hangul: 실이몽)
  • Li Duozuo (李多祚 pinyin: Lǐ Duōzuò, Hangul: 이다조)
• Yuexi Mohe
  • Wushikemeng (烏施可蒙 pinyin: Wū shī kě méng, Manchu: Osohon mangga (small but strong), Hangul: 오시가몽)

• Balhae
• Jie people (Gal people)
• Shi Le
• Guanqiu Jian

• Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun; Jin, Shi. "Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the rise of the Manchu State (1368-1636)" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2014.
• Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), The Manchus, Blackwell Publishing
• Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar. Vol. Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 9004123075. Retrieved 6 May 2014.

• History of China
• History of Manchuria
• Balhae