Nur Qutb Alam

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Bengal Sultanate
Ruling dynasties Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1414) Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah 1342-1358 Sikandar Shah 1358-1390 Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah 1390-1411 Saifuddin Hamza Shah 1411-1413 Muhammad bin Hamza Shah 1413 Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah 1413-1414 Alauddin Firuz Shah I 1414 House of Ganesha (1414–35) Raja Ganesha 1414-1415 Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah 1415-1416 Raja Ganesha 1416-1418 Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah 1418-1433 Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah 1433-1435 Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–87) Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah 1435-1459 Ruknuddin Barbak Shah 1459-1474 Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah 1474-1481 Nuruddin Sikandar Shah 1481 Jalaluddin Fateh Shah 1481-1487 Habshi rule (1487–94) Shahzada Barbak 1487 Saifuddin Firuz Shah 1487-1489 Mahmud Shah II 1489-1490 Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah 1490-1494 Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538) Alauddin Hussain Shah 1494-1518 Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah 1518-1533 Alauddin Firuz Shah II 1533 Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah 1533-1538 Muhammad Shahi dynasty (1554–64) Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah 1554-1555 Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah I 1555-1561 Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah 1561-1563 Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II 1563-1564 Karrani dynasty (1564–76) Taj Khan Karrani 1564-1565 Sulaiman Khan Karrani 1565-1572 Bayazid Khan Karrani 1572 Daud Khan Karrani 1572-1576
Subdivisions Mint Towns: Pandua Sonargaon Gaur Khalifatabad Satgaon Chatgaon Tanda Fatehabad Hajo Jaunpur Mrauk U Realms: Chandradwip Pratapgarh Arakan Srihat
Architecture Adina Mosque Sixty Dome Mosque Firoz Minar Choto Sona Mosque Baro Shona Masjid Bagha Mosque Pathrail Mosque Panbari Mosque Shankarpasha Mosque Goaldi Mosque Majidbaria Mosque Darasbari Mosque Eklakhi Mausoleum Muazzampur Mosque Qasba Mosque Kusumba Mosque Sura Mosque Nine Dome Mosque Jamaluddin Mosque Nasrat Gazi Mosque
Culture Literature Dobhashi Yusuf-Zulekha Persian influence Indo-Persian culture Persianate society Education Ghiyathiyyah Madrasah
Economy History of the taka
Warfare Ekdala (1353-1359) Jaunpur (1415-1420) Reconquest of Arakan (1429-1430) Kamata (1498) Mrauk U (1512–1516) Mughal invasion of Bengal Ghaghra (1529) Tukaroi (1575) Rajmahal (1576)
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Nūr Qut̤b ʿĀlam (Arabic: نور قطب عالم, Bengali: নূর কুতুব আলম) was a 14th-century Bengali Islamic scholar, author and poet. Based in the erstwhile Bengali capital Hazrat Pandua, he was the son and successor of Alaul Haq, a senior scholar of the Bengal Sultanate. He is noted for his efforts in preserving the Muslim rule of Bengal against Raja Ganesha and pioneering the Dobhashi tradition of Bengali literature.^[1]

Nur Qutb Alam was born in the city of Hazrat Pandua to a Bengali Muslim family descended from Khalid ibn al-Walid, an Arab commander and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who belonged to the Banu Makhzum clan of Quraysh.^[2] Alam's cousins, uncles and grandfathers were all employed by the Sultanate of Bengal, with his brother, Azam Khan, serving as the Wazir (Prime Minister). His father, Alaul Haq, was the court scholar of Bengal and entrusted with its treasury during the reign of Sikandar Shah. His grandfather, Shaykh Asʿad Khālidī, migrated to Bengal from Lahore and served as the Sultanate's Finance Minister. Alam was a classmate of Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah,^[3] studying under Qadi Hamiduddin Nagauri in Rajnagar, Birbhum.^[4]

Nur Qutb Alam used to do all kinds of manual labour. He personally served his father and the faqirs who came to the khanqah by washing their clothes, carrying water and fuel, keeping water constantly warm for wudu and cleaning the toilets. Other than his children, Shaykh Rafaq ad-Din (father of Shaykh Zahid) and Shaykh Anwar,^[5] Alam was also the teacher of Hussam ad-Din Manikpuri and Shah Kaku.^[3][6]

Alam preferred busying himself with spirituality, which is evident from his rejection to his brother Wazir Azam Khan's request to be employed by the government.^[7] He performed Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) several times.^[8]

With the persecution of Bengali Muslims following Raja Ganesha's coup d'état, Nur Qutb Alam wrote a letter to Sultan Ibrahim Sharqi of Jaunpur to liberate Bengal. He also sent a letter to his father's disciple Ashraf Jahangir Semnani, who was in Jaunpur, to also request Sharqi to do so. Responding to the request, Ibrahim Sharqi proceeded towards Bengal, which threatened Ganesha's rule. Ganesha pleaded to Alam to stop the invasion, but Alam's condition was for him to accept Islam. However, Ganesha's wife forbade her husband to convert and instead they offered his son, Jadu, to the Shaykh. With Alam's guidance and mentorship, Jadu became a Muslim with the name Muhammad, and ascended the throne as Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah.^[3] Alam then requested Sharqi to return to Bengal, though he refused, thus continuing the Bengal–Jaunpur confrontation.^[6]

Nur Qutb Alam had written over 121 books, which were all compiled by his Murid Hussam ad-Din Manikpuri. His two magnum opi are Mughīth al-Fuqarā and Anis al-Ghurabā. A manuscript of the former is preserved in a private library at Khalifabagh, Bhagalpur, Bihar. Another incomplete copy is preserved in the library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Calcutta (Collection No. 466) alongside two copies of the latter book (Collection No. 1212 and 1213).^[9]

Alam also wrote several letters to various important personalities. Thirteen of these were compiled by 'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi under the title Maktūbāt-e-Nūr Qutb ʿĀlam (Writings of Nur Qutb Alam) and are preserved at the National Archives of India in Delhi. He has also written poetry in Persian and Bengali using only the Persian script.^[10]

It is generally accepted that Alam died in 818 AH (1415-16 AD), with the chronogram of this date being Nur Banur-shud (light went into light).^[11] This is further evident from date cited by the book in possession of the guardians of his shrine as well as the 17th-century book Mirat al Asrar.^[6] His death was followed by Ganesha's second attempt in taking control of Bengal although Ganesha died a few years later.^[3]

He was buried near his father at the Shash Hazari Dargah,^[12] one of the major dargahs of Bengal; located in Hazrat Pandua and adjacent to the other contemporary scholars of Bengal such as Jalaluddin Tabrizi. Later sultans such as Alauddin Husain Shah (r. 1494–1519) used to make yearly visits to the shrine and was noted for granting a number of villages for maintaining the alms-house and madrasah attached to the Shash Hazari Dargah.^[3] Also, one of his descendants constructed the nearby Qutb Shahi Mosque in his honour.^[13] During the reign of Emperor Jahangir, the guardian of his shrine was his descendant and successor Mian Shaykh Masud, also known as Shah Muqam. Mughal general Mirza Nathan, author of the Baharistan-i-Ghaibi, paid his respects to the former and spent several days overnight at the shrine.^[14]