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Orthopathy

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Orthopathy (from the Greek ὀρθός orthos 'right' and πάθος pathos 'suffering') or natural hygiene (NH) is a set of alternative medical beliefs and practices originating from the Nature Cure movement. Proponents claim that fasting, dieting, and other lifestyle measures are all that is necessary to prevent and treat disease.[1]

Natural hygiene is an offshoot of naturopathy that advocates a philosophy of 'natural living' that was developed in the early nineteenth century. Natural hygienists oppose drugs, fluoridation, immunization, most medical treatments and endorse fasting, food combining and raw food or vegetarian diets.[1][2]

History and practice

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19th century

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The orthopathy movement originated with Isaac Jennings in the 1820s, who practiced conventional medicine for many years but became discouraged with its results.[3][4] Jennings' system was firmly opposed to all medicine and was known as the 'no-medicine plan'.[4][5] He prescribed bathing, rest and a vegetarian diet as part of his system.[6][7]

In 1837, Colonel John Benson, Sylvester Graham and William Alcott founded the American Physiological Society (APS) in Boston to promote Grahamism, which lasted just three years.[8][9] The APS was the first natural hygiene organization in the United States.[9] Mary Gove Nichols lectured for the Ladies Physiological Society, an off-shoot of the APS.[9] In the 1840s, Joel Shew was influenced by the dieting ideas of Sylvester Graham and promoted natural hygiene practices such as bathing, exercise and massage as well as the elimination of alcohol and tobacco.[10]

Isaac Jennings in his 1867 book The Tree of Life, defined orthopathy as 'from orthos, right, true, erect; and pathos, affection. Nature is always upright—moving in the right direction'.[5] George H. Taylor who introduced Swedish massage to the United States in the 1860s was known to promote natural hygiene and physical culture. Taylor believed that correct breathing and diet, gymnastics and mechanical massage could replace medical intervention and restore health.[11][12]

Natural hygiene was often associated with vegetarianism during the nineteenth century. However, not all natural hygienists are vegetarians.[13] Russell T. Trall was a notable early proponent of natural hygiene and vegetarianism. Trall established his own version called 'hygeiotherapy', a mixture of hydrotherapy with diet and exercise treatment regimes.[14]

In 1887, Susanna Way Dodds and her sister Mary established the Hygienic College of Physicians and Surgeons in St. Louis, Missouri.[15][16] They focused on 'natural methods of treatment: diet, exercise, massage, electricity and hydrotherapy in all of its manifold applications'.[16]

During the 1880s, Thomas Allinson developed his theory of medicine, which he called 'Hygienic Medicine'.

20th century

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Natural hygienist George S. Weger managed Weger Health School in Redlands, California (1923–1935).[17]

Herbert M. Shelton who has been described as 'the twentieth century's premier natural hygienist', was influenced by Sylvester Graham and Russell T. Trall.[18] Shelton wrote much on the topic, beginning with The Hygienic System: Orthopathy[19] in 1939, which renamed orthopathy as 'Natural Hygiene'.

Consumption of 'incompatible' foods in one meal is said to lead to ill health, and consumption of 'compatible' foods is said to maintain it: Shelton defined food combining and seven groups of food, sorted by function as: supplying energy (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) needed to build the body (proteins, salts, and water) and regulating bodily processes (minerals, vitamins, and water).[1]

White supremacist Ben Klassen was influenced by Shelton and natural hygienic principles and promoted his own 'racial health' regimen known as Salubrious Living.[20][21] However, Klassen emphasised there were differences between his doctrine and the natural hygiene movement as the latter did not focus on perpetuating the white race like his regimen did.[21] Klassen co-authored the book Salubrious Living with Arnold DeVries in 1982.[20]

Interest in natural hygiene was renewed in the 1980s following publication of Fit for Life and Living Health by Harvey and Marilyn Diamond.[1]

Organizations

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In 1948, the American Natural Hygiene Society (ANHS) was founded by Herbert Shelton, William Esser, Gerald Benesh, Christopher Gian-Cursio, Jesse Mercer Gehman, Irving Davidson, Jack Dunn Trop and Symon Gould.[22] In 1998, the ANHS became the National Health Association.[23]

In 1956, Keki Sidhwa established the British Natural Hygiene Society (BNHS).[24][25] The International Association of Hygienic Physicians was founded in 1978.[1]

Criticism

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Medical experts consider natural hygiene practices such as anti-vaccination, fasting and food combining to be quackery.[1][26][27] There is no scientific evidence that prolonged fasting provides any significant health benefits.[26][28][29] A prolonged fast may cause "anemia, impairment of liver function, kidney stones, postural hypotension, mineral imbalances, and other undesirable side effects".[29]

Claims from natural hygienists about fasting curing cancer are not supported by scientific evidence. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that fasting is effective for preventing or treating cancer in humans".[30]

Founders

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Barrett, Stephen (1 January 2007). "A Critical Look at 'Natural Hygiene'". Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  2. ^ Barrett, Stephen; Herbert, Victor (2002) Questionable Practices in Foods and Nutrition: Definitions and Descriptions. In Carolyn D. Berdanier. Handbook of Nutrition and Food. CRC Press. p. 1493. ISBN 0-8493-2705-9
  3. ^ Orcutt, Samuel; Beardsley, Ambrose (1880). The History of the Old Town of Derby, Connecticut, 1642–1880. With Biographies and Genealogies. Press of Springfield Printing Company. pp. 601–603
  4. ^ a b Lelieveld, H. L. M; Holah, John; Mostert, M. A. (2005). Handbook of Hygiene Control in the Food Industry. Woodhead Publishing Limited. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-85573-957-4
  5. ^ a b Whorton, James C. (2016 edition). Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers. Princeton University Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0691641898
  6. ^ Fletcher, Robert Samuel (1943). A History of Oberlin College From its Foundation Through the Civil War. Oberlin College. p. 332
  7. ^ Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. Praeger Publishing. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0275975197
  8. ^ "An American 'Physiological' Society Of 1837". The British Medical Journal. 2 (4057): 757. 1 January 1938. JSTOR 20300989.
  9. ^ a b c Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. Praeger Publishing. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-0275975197
  10. ^ Engs, Ruth Clifford (2000). Clean Living Movements: American Cycles of Health Reform. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 96. ISBN 0-275-97541-X
  11. ^ Weber, Jody Marie (2009). The Evolution of Aesthetic and Expressive Dance in Boston. Cambria Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-60497-621-2
  12. ^ Braun, Mary Beth (2014). Introduction to Massage Therapy, Third Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4511-7319-2
  13. ^ Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. Praeger Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-0275975197
  14. ^ Baer, Hans A. (2001). Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems in America: Issues of Class, Race, Ethnicity and Gender. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 86. ISBN 0-299-16694-5
  15. ^ Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. Praeger Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 978-0275975197
  16. ^ a b Fisher, Carol (2008). Pot Roast, Politics, and Ants in the Pantry: Missouri's Cookbook Heritage. University Of Missouri Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-8262-1791-2
  17. ^ Anonymous (1936). Bulletin of the University of Maryland School of Medicine 1935–1936. University of Maryland School of Medicine. p. 48
  18. ^ Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. Praeger Publishing. p. 160. ISBN 978-0275975197
  19. ^ Herbert M Shelton, 'The Hygienic System' vol. VI: Orthopathy, Dr. Shelton's Health School: San Antonio, Texas, 1941
  20. ^ a b Love, Nancy S. (2016). Trendy Fascism: White Power Music and the Future of Democracy. State University of New York Press. pp. 112–114. ISBN 978-1438462035
  21. ^ a b Berry, Damon T. (2017). Blood and Faith: Christianity in American White Nationalism. Syracuse University Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0-8156-3544-4
  22. ^ 'National Health Association Timeline' Archived 27 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  23. ^ 'History of the National Health Association' Archived 27 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  24. ^ 'British Natural Hygiene Society'. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  25. ^ 'Dr Keki Sidhwa, 92: Energetic advocate of natural cures'. The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  26. ^ a b Pepper, Claude (1984). Quackery: A $10 Billion Dollar Scandal. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 94
  27. ^ Dunning, Brian (19 February 2007). "Skeptoid #28: Natural Hygiene: Health Without Medicine (or Wisdom)". Skeptoid. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  28. ^ Kuske, Terrence T. (1983). Quackery and Fad Diets. In Elaine B. Feldman. Nutrition in the Middle and Later Years. John Wright & Sons. pp. 291–303. ISBN 0-7236-7046-3
  29. ^ a b Barrett, Stephen; Jarvis, William T. (1993). The Health Robbers: A Close Look at Quackery in America. Prometheus Books. p. 114. ISBN 0-87975-855-4
  30. ^ Russell J, Rovere A, eds. (2009). 'Fasting'. American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. ISBN 978-0944235713.