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Otto Kittel

Otto Kittel
Kittel as Oberfeldwebel
Born(1917-02-21)21 February 1917
Kronsdorf, Sudetenland, Austria-Hungary
Died14 or 16 February 1945 (aged 27)
Džūkste, Latvian SSR, Soviet Union
Cause of deathKilled in action
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1939–1945
RankOberleutnant (first lieutenant)
UnitJG 54
Commands3./JG 54, 2./JG 54, I./JG 54
EJGr Ost
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

Otto Kittel (21 February 1917 – 14 or 16 February 1945) was a German fighter pilot during World War II. He flew 583 combat missions on the Eastern Front, claiming 267 aerial victories, making him the fourth highest scoring ace in aviation history according to authors John Weal and Jerry Scutts.[1][2] Kittel claimed all of his victories against the Red Air Force.[3]

Kittel joined the Luftwaffe in 1939, and, in spring 1941, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) supporting Army Group North on the Eastern Front. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 October 1943, for reaching 120 aerial victories. During the remainder of World War II, Kittel was credited with 144 more aerial victories and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. He was shot down by Soviet aircraft and killed in February 1945. Kittel was the most successful German fighter pilot to be killed in action.[4]

Personal life

[edit]

Kittel was born on 21 February 1917 in Kronsdorf in Sudeten Silesia, Austria-Hungary, present-day Krasov. He was the son of Eduard Kittel, a farmer.[5] After working briefly as an auto mechanic, Kittel joined the Luftwaffe in 1939.[6] Following completion of flight and fighter pilot training,[Note 1] he was posted to 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) on 12 February 1941.[8] Kittel married his fiancé, Edith, in June 1942; the couple had a son, born in 1942.[9]

World War II

[edit]

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. At the time of Kittel's posting to 2. Staffel in early 1941, the squadron was commanded by Oberleutnant Rudolf Unger and subordinated to I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 54 headed by Hauptmann Hubertus von Bonin. The Gruppe was based at Groningen Airfield in the Netherlands where they patrolled the German Bight.[10] Unlike the other elements of JG 54, I. Gruppe did not participate in the German invasion of Yugoslavia and stayed in Groningen until 9 May when they relocated to Jever Airfield in northern Germany. On 31 May, due to technical problems with his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 12725—factory number) Kittel was forced to bail out near Spiekeroog. On 14 June, the Gruppe was withdrawn and began preparations for the German invasion of the Soviet Union.[11]

War against the Soviet Union

[edit]

Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941. In the fortnight prior, JG 54 had been moved to an airfield in Lindenthal near Rautenberg, East Prussia, present-day Uslowoje in Kaliningrad Oblast. Tasked with supporting Army Group North in its advance through the Baltic states towards Leningrad, the unit began combat operations shortly afterwards.[12] On 24 June 1941, Kittel claimed his first two aerial victories, two Tupolev SB-2 bombers.[13] His tally had risen to 19 by May 1942.[14]

In mid-December 1942, I. Gruppe began converting to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-4 radial engine powered fighter. The conversion training took place at Heiligenbeil, present-day Mamonovo, before returning to Krasnogvardeysk, present-day Gatchina.[15] On 12 January 1943, Soviet forces launched Operation Iskra fought south of Lake Ladoga and aimed to break the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad. The Soviet operation was supported by bomber, ground-attack and fighter aircraft. That day, I. Gruppe pilots claimed 36 aerial victories, including Kittel's first "ace-in-a-day" achievement when he shot down six Soviet aircraft on two separate combat missions.[16] On 19 February, Kittel claimed his 39th aerial victory which was also JG 54's 4,000th claim in total.[17][18] On 15 March 1943, Kittel's Fw 190 A-4 (Werknummer 2481) suffered engine failure resulting in a forced landing behind enemy lines. He managed to return to his unit on foot.[19]

During the fighting in 1943, JG 54 took part in the spring battles over the Crimea Peninsula, Vyazma-Bryansk, Vitebsk, Kharkov, Orsha and Orel regions. During the Battle of Kursk, Kittel's unit escorted Junkers Ju 87 Stukas of a dive bomber wing commanded by Hans-Ulrich Rudel.[20] On 14 September 1943, Kittel claimed his 100th aerial victory, a Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter.[21] The 53rd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark,[22] he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 29 October 1943.[23] The presentation was made after the 123rd aerial victory at Vitebsk.[24] On 1 November 1943, Kittel was promoted to the rank of Leutnant (second lieutenant).[25] Kittel was then posted to Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost, a supplementary training unit for fighter pilots destined for the Eastern Front, as an instructor. At the time, the unit was commanded by Major Viktor Bauer and was based at Saint-Jean-d'Angély, France.[25]

Squadron leader

[edit]

On 9 February 1944, Kittel was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel of JG 54. He succeeded Leutnant Günther Haase who had been killed in a flying accident on 30 January. At the time, I. Gruppe of JG 54 to which 3. Staffel was subordinated was based at Orsha.[26] On 14 February, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield named Wesenberg near Rakvere, located approximately 60 kilometers (37 miles) north of Lake Peipus and 105 kilometers (65 miles) west of Narva. Here the Gruppe was subordinated to the 3. Flieger-Division (3rd Air Division) and fought in the Battle of Narva.[27]

On 4 April 1944, Kittel claimed his 150th aerial victory. Shortly before 08:00, I. Gruppe was scrambled at Wesenberg and intercepted a flight of Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft and their fighter escort over sea off Kunda. In this aerial encounter which was fought for 20 minutes, I. Gruppe pilots claimed thirteen aerial victories, four Il-2s and nine fighter aircraft, including five claims by Kittel, taking his total to 151.[28] On 11 April, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) for his 152nd aerial victory, the 449th soldier to receive this distinction. Kittel received the Oak Leaves from Adolf Hitler at the Berghof on 5 May 1944. Also present at the ceremony were Anton Hafner, Alfred Grislawski, Günther Schack, Emil Lang, Erich Rudorffer, Martin Möbus, Wilhelm Herget, Hans-Karl Stepp, Rudolf Schoenert, Günther Radusch, Otto Pollmann and Fritz Breithaupt, who all received the Oak Leaves on this date.[29]

On 2 August, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Šķirotava, located approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) southeast of Riga.[30] Flying from Šķirotava, Kittel claimed his 200th aerial victory on 26 August.[31] On 29 May 1944, 2. Staffel of I. Gruppe had been detached and subordinated to III. Gruppe of JG 54 which was fighting on the Western Front in defense of the Reich over Germany. In consequence, on 1 September 1944 a new 2. Staffel was formed and placed under the command of Kittel. Command of 3. Staffel was then given to Leutnant Fritz Tegtmeier.[32] In October, Hauptmann Franz Eisenach, the Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe was given home leave. In consequence, Kittel temporarily led the Gruppe during his absence.[33] Kittel was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern) on 25 November 1944.[34]

On 16 February 1945, Kittel was shot down in his Fw 190 A-8 (Werknummer 960282) southwest of Tukums over the Courland Pocket.[35] He was hit by return fire from an Il-2 ground attack aircraft.[36] His wingman later reported that his aircraft was hit, descended towards the ground on fire and crashed in flames.[37] The site of the crash is believed to have been 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) south-west of Džūkste in Latvia.[38]

Summary of career

[edit]

Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Kittel was credited with 267 aerial victories.[39] Spick also lists him with 267 aerial victories, all on the Eastern Front, claimed in 583 combat missions.[40] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 265 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. All of his aerial victories were claimed on the Eastern Front.[41]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 44793". The Luftwaffe grid map covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[42]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Kittel an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Kittel did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Balke, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[43]
1 24 June 1941 05:19 SB-2[13] 64 9 July 1943 12:13 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63533[44]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Maloarkhangelsk
2 24 June 1941 05:42 SB-2[13] 65 10 July 1943 07:35 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63718[44]
40 km (25 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
—
 30 June 1941
—
 Il-2 vicinity of Dünaburg 66 10 July 1943 13:50 LaGG-3 PQ 35 st 63521[45]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Maloarkhangelsk
—
 30 June 1941
—
 Il-2 vicinity of Dünaburg 67 13 July 1943 10:41 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63283[45]
45 km (28 mi) southeast of Oryol
3 6 July 1941 15:36 SB-2[13] 68 13 July 1943 10:44 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63259[45]
40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Oryol
4 18 August 1941 06:00 I-18 (MiG-1)[46] 69 13 July 1943 10:45 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63256[45]
45 km (28 mi) southeast of Oryol
5 19 August 1941 14:36 DB-3[46] 70 13 July 1943 13:41 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63251[45]
40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Oryol
6 24 August 1941 11:07 DB-3[47] 71 16 July 1943 08:04 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 54483[45]
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Bolkhov
7 8 September 1941 16:25 R-5 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Lake Schinskoje[47] 72 16 July 1943 09:41 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 54357[45]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Zhizdra
8 8 September 1941 16:50 I-153?[47][Note 2] 73 16 July 1943 09:42 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 54327[45]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Zhizdra
9 12 September 1941 06:00 I-153?[47][Note 2] 74 17 July 1943 06:32?[Note 3] La-5 PQ 35 Ost 54478[50]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Bolkhov
10 21 September 1941 16:58 I-18 (MiG-1) Leningrad[47] 75 17 July 1943 13:10?[Note 4] Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 54684[50]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Karachev
11 13 October 1941 14:18 I-18 (MiG-1)[51] 76 20 July 1943 12:38 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 64878[50]
25 km (16 mi) south of Mtsensk
12 13 December 1941 12:45 DB-3[52] 77 20 July 1943 12:56 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 64873[50]
25 km (16 mi) south of Mtsensk
13 27 February 1942 08:36 I-16[53] 78 27 July 1943 12:39 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 44634[50]
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Karachev
14 20 March 1942 17:07 P-40[54] 79 28 July 1943 08:53 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 54591[50]
30 km (19 mi) northeast of Karachev
15 20 March 1942 17:09 P-40[54] 80 28 July 1943 08:54 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 54563[50]
40 km (25 mi) northeast of Karachev
16 14 May 1942 15:17 SB-2[55] 81 1 August 1943 14:18 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 54621[50]
20 km (12 mi) west of Bolkhov
17 14 May 1942 15:18 SB-2[56] 82 2 August 1943 04:23 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 54793[50]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Karachev
18 23 August 1942 09:20 Il-2 PQ 47871[57]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Zubtsov 		83 2 August 1943 14:39 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 53621[50]
40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Dmitrovsk
19 7 September 1942 11:46 Il-2 PQ 00522[58]
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Gatchina 		84 2 August 1943 14:41 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 53652[50]
40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Dmitrovsk
20 23 September 1942 12:10 I-16 PQ 21733[59]
30 km (19 mi) north of Volkhov 		85 3 August 1943 08:47 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 53473[60]
25 km (16 mi) east of Dmitrovsk
21 22 October 1942 09:08 Il-2 PQ 2152[59] 86 3 August 1943 15:03 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 54814[60]
35 km (22 mi) west-southwest of Bolkhov
22♠ 12 January 1943 10:32 Yak-1 PQ 00252[61]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-northeast of Schlüsselburg 		87♠ 4 August 1943 11:44 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 44463[60]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Zhizdra
23♠ 12 January 1943 10:34 Il-2 PQ 00231[61]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Schlüsselburg 		88♠ 4 August 1943 11:54 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 54572[60]
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Karachev
24♠ 12 January 1943 10:44 U-2 PQ 10163[61]
southeast of Schlüsselburg 		89♠ 4 August 1943 15:13 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 54841[60]
40 km (25 mi) east of Karachev
25♠ 12 January 1943 10:56 Il-2 PQ 10132[61]
east of Schlüsselburg 		90♠ 4 August 1943 15:26 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 44832[60]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Karachev
26♠ 12 January 1943 14:20 I-153 PQ 00284[61]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Schlüsselburg 		91♠ 4 August 1943 18:19 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 44833[60]
vicinity of Karachev
27♠ 12 January 1943 14:25 Il-2 PQ 10192[61]
east of Mga 		92♠ 4 August 1943 18:20 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 54833[60]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Karachev
28 14 January 1943 11:15 La-5 PQ 10243[62]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Schlüsselburg 		93♠ 4 August 1943 18:21 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 44664[60]
25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Karachev
29 16 January 1943 10:30 Il-2 PQ 00264[62]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Schlüsselburg 		94 5 August 1943 14:10 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 54712[60]
15 km (9.3 mi) north-northeast of Karachev
30 24 January 1943 09:46 La-5 PQ 10161[63]
southeast of Schlüsselburg 		95 7 September 1943 08:14 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 26683[64]
25 km (16 mi) north of Yartsevo
31 26 January 1943 13:45 Il-2 PQ 00264[65]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Schlüsselburg 		96 7 September 1943 10:58 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 26213[64]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Shatalovka
32 11 February 1943 09:42 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 00424[66]
Pushkin-Mga 		97 10 September 1943 15:08 P-40 PQ 35 Ost 26473[21]
45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Maklok
33 14 February 1943 13:20 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 10531[66]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Lubań 		98 11 September 1943 11:01?[Note 5] LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 44124[21]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Kirov
34 14 February 1943 13:45 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 10612[66]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Lubań 		99 12 September 1943 09:27 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 45871[21]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Kirov
35 15 February 1943 08:28 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 00462[66]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Tosno 		100 14 September 1943 16:12 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 26642[21]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Moschna
36 19 February 1943 13:06 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 10421[67]
35 km (22 mi) east-southeast of Mga 		101 14 September 1943 16:37?[Note 6] La-5 PQ 35 Ost 25654[21]
20 km (12 mi) east of Shatalovka
37 19 February 1943 15:17 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 10612[67]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Lubań 		102 14 September 1943 16:40 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 35573[21]
30 km (19 mi) south-southwest of Yelnya
38 19 February 1943 15:19 I-180 (Yak-7) PQ 36 Ost 10472[67]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Lubań 		103 15 September 1943 13:38?[Note 7] Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 35341[21]
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Yelnya
39 19 February 1943 15:22 Pe-2 PQ 36 Ost 10422[67]
35 km (22 mi) east-southeast of Mga 		104 15 September 1943 13:40 Pe-2?[Note 8] PQ 35 Ost 35311[21]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Smolensk
40 21 February 1943 07:40 I-16 PQ 36 Ost 00293[67]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Mga 		105 30 September 1943 14:04 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 16873[68]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Andrejewo
41 7 March 1943 07:55 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18221[69]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa 		106 5 October 1943 08:09 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 02734[68]
42 7 March 1943 08:05 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 19663[69]
35 km (22 mi) east-southeast of Novgorod 		107 5 October 1943 12:09 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 02673[68]
55 km (34 mi) northeast of Zelenogorsk
43 10 March 1943 14:27 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 19891[69]
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Staraya Russa 		108 11 October 1943 14:41 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 06242[68]
44 10 March 1943 14:32 MiG-3 PQ 35 Ost 19822[69]
30 km (19 mi) northeast of Staraya Russa 		109 12 October 1943 11:13 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 15552[70]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Gorki
45 14 March 1943 14:58 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18211[69]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa 		110 12 October 1943 11:15 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 15553, Leninsk[70]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Gorki
46 14 March 1943 15:02 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 19891[69]
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Staraya Russa 		111 12 October 1943 14:44 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 15554[70]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Gorki
47 15 March 1943 09:35 MiG-3 PQ 35 Ost 19892[69]
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Staraya Russa 		112 13 October 1943 10:11 R-5 PQ 35 Ost 15354, north-northwest of Krassnyj[70]
north-northeast of Krassnoye
48 1 April 1943 11:03 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 10873[71]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Chudovo 		113 14 October 1943 08:05 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 15523
northeast of Gorki[70]
49 1 April 1943 17:34 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 10364[71]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Mga 		114 14 October 1943 08:06 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 15551
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Gorki[70]
50 11 June 1943 18:07 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 00162[72]
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Leningrad 		115 15 October 1943 07:37 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 06243, northwest of Usswjaty[70]
51 18 June 1943 17:11 P-40 PQ 36 Ost 20152[73]
southwest of Volkhov 		116 15 October 1943 07:38 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 06243, northwest of Usswjaty[70]
52 22 June 1943 02:19 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 00514[73]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Gatchina 		117 15 October 1943 08:04 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 06814[70]
53 22 June 1943 02:21 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 00382[73]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Gatchina 		118 15 October 1943 14:15 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 15713, south of Gorki[70]
54 24 June 1943 06:47 P-40 PQ 36 Ost 10253[73]
30 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Schlüsselburg 		119 17 October 1943 12:44 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 06144, southeast of Nevel[70]
55 24 June 1943 06:49 P-40 PQ 36 Ost 10234[73]
35 km (22 mi) west of Volkhov 		120 19 October 1943 07:14 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 06214, Lake Ssennitza[70]
56 5 July 1943 04:20 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63684[74]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Voltcansk 		121 22 October 1943 08:14 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 15351, 50 km (31 mi) northeast of Orsha[70]
57 5 July 1943 12:02 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63714, Nikolskoje[74]
40 km (25 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		122 23 October 1943 13:08 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 05493[75]
58 5 July 1943 12:40 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63434[74]
45 km (28 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		123 28 October 1943 15:25 LaGG-3 southwest of Gomel[75]
59 5 July 1943 12:41 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63781[74]
35 km (22 mi) north of Kursk 		124 5 November 1943 09:23 Il-2 northwest of Nevel[75]
60 7 July 1943 05:16 P-40 PQ 35 Ost 63674[44]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Maloarkhangelsk 		125 5 November 1943 09:25 Il-2 southwest of Nevel[75]
61 7 July 1943 11:08 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 53834[44]
55 km (34 mi) north-northwest of Kursk 		126 5 November 1943 14:42 LaGG-3 northwest of Lake Ssennitza[75]
northwest of Lake Jzenniza
62 7 July 1943 11:10 P-40 PQ 35 Ost 63743[44]
20 km (12 mi) north of Maloarkhangelsk 		127 6 November 1943 12:10 Il-2 south-southeast of Nevel[75]
63 9 July 1943 11:59 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63594[44]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[76]
128 5 March 1944 08:28?[Note 9] La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70692[78]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Narva 		168 30 June 1944 19:46 Il-2 PQ PS-2/8[79]
?[Note 10] 6 March 1944 09:41 La-5[77] 169 30 June 1944 19:49 Il-2 PQ PS-5/9[79]
129 7 March 1944 11:29?[Note 11] Il-2 PQ 26 Ost 70454[78]
Baltic Sea 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Hungerburg 		170 1 July 1944 07:16 P-39 PQ OS-2/7[79]
Novorzhev/Pskov
130 7 March 1944 11:45 Yak-9?[Note 12] PQ 26 Ost 70413[78]
Baltic Sea 35 km (22 mi) northwest of Hungerburg 		171 2 July 1944 17:20 P-39 PQ OS-9/6[79]
Novorzhev/Pskov
131 8 March 1944 12:33 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 89144[78]
50 km (31 mi) southwest of Narva 		172 3 July 1944 11:43 P-39 PQ OS-6/7[79]
Novorzhev/Pskov
132 8 March 1944 12:35 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70874[78]
25 km (16 mi) south of Slancy 		173 3 July 1944 11:45 Il-2 PQ OS-6/1[79]
Novorzhev/Pskov
133 19 March 1944 16:27 Yak-9?[Note 12] PQ 25 Ost 70332[81]
Lake Peipus 		174 4 July 1944 10:46 Il-2 PQ OS-7/2[79]
vicinity of Polotsk
134 19 March 1944 16:28 Yak-9 PQ 26 Ost 70451[81]
Lake Peipus 		175 4 July 1944 15:46 P-39 PQ PS-2/4[79]
vicinity of Polotsk
135 26 March 1944 11:06 R-5 PQ 25 Ost 79284[81]
vicinity of Lake Peipus 		176 10 July 1944 15:44 P-39 PQ NM-2/9[79]
south of Subat
136 26 March 1944 11:17?[Note 13] R-5 PQ 25 Ost 79291[81]
vicinity east of Lake Peipus 		177 16 July 1944 08:02 P-39 PQ 25 Ost 43495[79]
137 26 March 1944 15:13 Yak-9 PQ 26 Ost 70381[81]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Narva 		178 16 July 1944 09:34 Il-2 PQ OO-7/1[79]
138 28 March 1944 11:10?[Note 14] Yak-9 PQ 26 Ost 70323[81]
Baltic Sea 45 km (28 mi) northeast of Kunda 		179 18 July 1944 16:47 Yak-9 PQ JR-7/6[79]
south of Ostrov
139 30 March 1944 08:25 Pe-2 PQ 26 Ost 70254[81]
Baltic Sea 75 km (47 mi) northeast of Kunda 		180 18 July 1944 17:01?[Note 15] Yak-9 PQ HR-8/3[79]
south of Ostrov
140 30 March 1944 08:59?[Note 16] La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70352[81]
Baltic Sea 35 km (22 mi) northeast of Kunda 		181 21 July 1944 09:20 Il-2 PQ OL-2/5[79]
northwest of Utsyani
141 30 March 1944 15:28 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70441[81]
Baltic Sea 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Hungerburg 		182 21 July 1944 09:23 Yak-9 PQ OL-5/9[79]
northwest of Utsyani
142 1 April 1944 08:10 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 98534[81]
30 km (19 mi) west of Gorodok 		183 21 July 1944 14:45 Yak-9 PQ ON-1/4[79]
143 2 April 1944 08:43 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70393[82]
Gulf of Finland 		184 22 July 1944 15:54 Il-2 PQ NN-3/4[83]
vicinity of Daugavpils
144 2 April 1944 09:03?[Note 17] La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70393[82]
Gulf of Finland 		185 22 July 1944 15:55 Il-2 PQ NN-6/4[83]
vicinity of Daugavpils
145 2 April 1944 15:20 Pe-2 PQ 26 Ost 60552[82]
northeast of Kunda 		186 22 July 1944 15:57 Il-2 PQ NN-9/5[83]
vicinity of Daugavpils
146 2 April 1944 15:22 Pe-2 PQ 26 Ost 60434[82]
northeast of Kunda 		187 24 July 1944 15:43 Pe-2 PQ NL-3/7[83]
147♠ 4 April 1944 08:10 Il-2 PQ 26 Ost 60332[82]
Baltic Sea 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Kunda 		188 24 July 1944 15:46 Pe-2 PQ NL-8/1[83]
148♠ 4 April 1944 08:11 Il-2 PQ 26 Ost 60333[82]
Baltic Sea 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Kunda 		189 29 July 1944 13:23 Il-2 PQ OL-3/4[83]
vicinity of Svedasai
149♠ 4 April 1944 08:14 LaGG-3 PQ 26 Ost 70342[82]
northwest of Kunda 		190 29 July 1944 13:27 Il-2 PQ OL-6/2[83]
vicinity of Svedasai
150♠ 4 April 1944 08:15?[Note 18] LaGG-3 PQ 26 Ost 70343[82]
northwest of Kunda 		191 1 August 1944 15:15 Yak-9 PQ KH-4/9[83]
151♠ 4 April 1944 08:30 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70537[82]
Baltic Sea 35 km (22 mi) west of Hungerburg 		192 1 August 1944 15:17 Yak-9 PQ KH-8/2[83]
152 24 April 1944 17:17 Yak-9 PQ 26 Ost 70434[82]
Baltic Sea 65 km (40 mi) northeast of Kunda 		193 1 August 1944 19:47 Yak-9 PQ LH-1/5[83]
153 24 April 1944 17:29 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70274[82]
Baltic Sea 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Hungerburg 		194 7 August 1944 19:00 Yak-9 PQ KN-8/1/9[84]
northeast of Kreuzburg
154 26 May 1944 19:07 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 80321[85]
Baltic Sea north-northeast of Hungerburg 		195 15 August 1944 09:26 Yak-9 PQ LJ-5/2[84]
155 30 May 1944 13:46?[Note 19] Pe-2 PQ 26 Ost 7063[85] 196 15 August 1944 17:39 Yak-9 PQ LJ-9/5[84]
156 30 May 1944 21:03 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70491[85]
Baltic Sea 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Hungerburg 		197 15 August 1944 18:17 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 47556[84]
157 2 June 1944 10:25 LaGG-3 PQ 26 Ost 80714[85]
20 km (12 mi) south of Narva 		198 17 August 1944 08:39 Pe-2 PQ LL-6/3[84]
158 5 June 1944 20:33 Yak-9 PQ 26 Ost 70252[85]
Baltic Sea 75 km (47 mi) northeast of Kunda 		199 25 August 1944 08:47 P-39 PQ LH-5/6[84]
159?[Note 20] 6 June 1944 10:25 P-39 PQ 26 Ost 80971[85] 200 26 August 1944 10:09 Yak-9 PQ KG-9/7[86]
160♠ 28 June 1944 10:18 Il-2 PQ QT-1/4[85] 201 26 August 1944 13:54 La-5 PQ LH-4/4[86]
161♠ 28 June 1944 10:20 P-39 PQ PT-2/3[85] 202 27 August 1944 13:06?[Note 21] Il-2 PQ LJ-9/7[86]
162♠ 28 June 1944 10:22 Il-2 PQ OT-8/1[85] 203 28 August 1944 11:24 Yak-9 PQ JM-5/3[86]
163♠ 28 June 1944 10:29 P-39 PQ PT-1/2[85] 204 28 August 1944 11:26 Yak-9 PQ JM-6/2[86]
164♠ 28 June 1944 14:32 Il-2 PQ PT-8/8[85] 205 28 August 1944 11:27 Yak-9 PQ JM-3/7[86]
165 29 June 1944 13:23 P-39 PQ OT-8/1[85] 206 31 August 1944 17:46 Il-2 PQ KG-3/2[86]
west of Mitau
166 30 June 1944 11:38?[Note 22] P-39 PQ OT-7/7[85] 207 31 August 1944 17:47 Il-2 PQ KG-3/4[86]
west of Mitau
167 30 June 1944 18:49?[Note 23] Yak-9 PQ PS-8/1[79] 208 31 August 1944 17:49 Il-2 PQ KG-6/3[86]
west of Mitau
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[88]
?[Note 10] 14 September 1944 10:40 Yak-9 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Walk[87] 237 10 October 1944 09:12 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 47131[89]
20 km (12 mi) east of Riga
209♠ 14 September 1944 10:53 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 66156[86]
40 km (25 mi) east of Weissenstein 		238 10 October 1944 09:12 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 47131[89]
20 km (12 mi) east of Riga
210♠ 14 September 1944 14:50 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 57251[90]
40 km (25 mi) north-northwest of Kreuzburg 		239 14 October 1944 11:02 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 46832[89]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Riga
211♠ 14 September 1944 14:51 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 57251[90]
40 km (25 mi) north-northwest of Kreuzburg 		240 16 October 1944 11:02 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 37345[89]
40 km (25 mi) south-southwest of Tukkum
212♠ 14 September 1944 14:52 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 57258[90]
40 km (25 mi) north-northwest of Kreuzburg 		241 16 October 1944 11:04 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 37329[89]
25 km (16 mi) south of Tukkum
213♠ 14 September 1944 14:54?[Note 24] Il-2?[Note 24] PQ 25 Ost 57253[90]
40 km (25 mi) north-northwest of Kreuzburg 		242 16 October 1944 14:26 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 37343[89]
40 km (25 mi) southwest of Mitau
214 15 September 1944 15:39 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 47377[90]
45 km (28 mi) south of Riga 		243 16 October 1944 14:28 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 37388[89]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Mitau
215 15 September 1944 15:40 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 37495[90]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Mitau 		244 17 October 1944 13:17 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 37554[89]
40 km (25 mi) south-southwest of Mitau
216 16 September 1944 17:12 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 47518[90]
45 km (28 mi) northeast of Pasewalk 		245 18 October 1944 13:36 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 27582[89]
30 km (19 mi) north of Telšiai
217 17 September 1944 08:39 Pe-2 PQ 25 Ost 47383[90]
45 km (28 mi) south-southeast of Riga 		246 18 October 1944 13:37 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 27554[89]
45 km (28 mi) north of Telšiai
218 17 September 1944 08:40 P-39 PQ 25 Ost 47389[90]
45 km (28 mi) south-southeast of Riga 		247 22 October 1944 15:50 Il-2?[Note 25] PQ 25 Ost 17646[89]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Libau
219 17 September 1944 08:41 Pe-2 PQ 25 Ost 47522[92]
40 km (25 mi) north of Pasewalk 		248♠ 27 October 1944 09:50 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 27642[89]
45 km (28 mi) north-northeast of Telšiai
220 20 September 1944 11:10 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 47324[92]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Riga 		249♠ 27 October 1944 09:51 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 27565[89]
45 km (28 mi) north-northeast of Telšiai
221 20 September 1944 11:12 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 47372[92]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Riga 		250♠ 27 October 1944 09:57 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 17625[89]
45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Libau
222 22 September 1944 10:15 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 47323[92]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Riga 		251♠ 27 October 1944 11:48 Pe-2 PQ 25 Ost 17485[89]
40 km (25 mi) east of Libau
223 28 September 1944 11:30 Pe-2 PQ 25 Ost 47291[92]
45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Riga 		252♠ 27 October 1944 11:50 Pe-2 PQ 25 Ost 27543[89]
25 km (16 mi) south of Libau
224 28 September 1944 11:30 Pe-2 PQ 25 Ost 47264[92]
30 km (19 mi) south of Mālpils 		253♠ 27 October 1944 13:24 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 17574[89]
45 km (28 mi) north-northwest of Telšiai
225 28 September 1944 11:37 Pe-2 PQ 25 Ost 57181[92]
35 km (22 mi) southeast of Mālpils 		254♠ 27 October 1944 13:32 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 17651[93]
45 km (28 mi) southeast of Libau
226 28 September 1944 11:38 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 57184[92]
35 km (22 mi) southeast of Mālpils 		255♠ 29 October 1944 09:42 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 17488[93]
40 km (25 mi) east of Libau
227 30 September 1944 11:35 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 57174[92]
30 km (19 mi) south-southeast of Mālpils 		256♠ 29 October 1944 09:45 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 17491[93]
45 km (28 mi) south of Goldingen
228 30 September 1944 11:36 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 47268[92]
45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Riga 		257♠ 29 October 1944 11:57 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 17624[93]
45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Libau
229 30 September 1944 11:38 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 57154[92]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Mālpils 		258♠ 29 October 1944 12:09 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 17497[93]
45 km (28 mi) south of Goldingen
230 7 October 1944 15:10 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 48697[92]
20 km (12 mi) west of Wenden 		259♠ 29 October 1944 12:10 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 17623[93]
45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Libau
231♠ 9 October 1944 08:55 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 48782[89]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Riga 		260♠ 29 October 1944 12:11 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 27628[93]
45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Libau
232♠ 9 October 1944 08:56 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 48765[89]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Riga 		261 30 October 1944 13:22 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 27541[93]
45 km (28 mi) north-northwest of Telšiai
233♠ 9 October 1944 08:58 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 48789[89]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Riga 		262 30 October 1944 13:52 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 17489[93]
40 km (25 mi) east of Libau
234♠ 9 October 1944 13:02 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 47741[89]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Riga 		263 30 October 1944 15:26 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 17622[93]
45 km (28 mi) east-southeast of Libau
235♠ 9 October 1944 13:04 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 47571[89]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Riga 		264 19 November 1944 15:26?[Note 26] La-5 PQ 25 Ost 29754[93]
236 10 October 1944 09:11 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 47139[89]
20 km (12 mi) east of Riga
—
 14 February 1945
—
 Il-2 vicinity of Dzukste

Awards

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[7]
  2. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.[48]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 06:35.[49]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:16.[49]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:05.[49]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:38.[49]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:28.[49]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Ilyushin Il-2.[49]
  9. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:29.[77]
  10. ^ a b This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Balke and Bock.[80]
  11. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:27.[77]
  12. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-1.[77]
  13. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:07.[77]
  14. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:11.[77]
  15. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:05.[77]
  16. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:30.[77]
  17. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:01.[77]
  18. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:18.[77]
  19. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:17.[77]
  20. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[77]
  21. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:00.[87]
  22. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:12.[77]
  23. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:40.[77]
  24. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed over a Yakovlev Yak-9 at 14:53.[87]
  25. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-3.[91]
  26. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:40.[91]
  27. ^ According to Thomas on 26 February 1943.[97]
  28. ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the I./JG 54.[34]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Weal 2001, p. 123.
  2. ^ Scutts 1992, p. 145.
  3. ^ Sims 1970, p. 174.
  4. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 103.
  5. ^ Constable & Toliver 1968, p. 220.
  6. ^ Stockert 2007, p. 105.
  7. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  8. ^ Mitcham & Mueller 2012, p. 195.
  9. ^ Kurowski 2007, pp. 147–148.
  10. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, pp. 115–117.
  11. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, pp. 116, 121, 238.
  12. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 184.
  13. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 199.
  14. ^ Weal 1998, p. 16.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 75–76.
  16. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 76–77, 96.
  17. ^ Weal 1998, pp. 83–84.
  18. ^ Page 2020, p. 12.
  19. ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 102, 189.
  20. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 106.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2012, p. 184.
  22. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  23. ^ Scutts 1992, p. 101.
  24. ^ Weal 2001, pp. 105–106.
  25. ^ a b Stockert 2007, p. 106.
  26. ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 375–376, 393.
  27. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 315.
  28. ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 325, 382.
  29. ^ Stockert 2007, pp. 107, 109, 134.
  30. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 342.
  31. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 346.
  32. ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 330, 348, 375.
  33. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 375.
  34. ^ a b c d Scherzer 2007, p. 444.
  35. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 39.
  36. ^ Hannig 2012, p. 148.
  37. ^ Weal 1998, p. 84.
  38. ^ Stockert 2007, p. 108.
  39. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 328.
  40. ^ Spick 1996, p. 227.
  41. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 634–639.
  42. ^ Planquadrat.
  43. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 634–637.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2012, p. 177.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 178.
  46. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 201.
  47. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003b, p. 202.
  48. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 634.
  49. ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 636.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2012, p. 179.
  51. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 203.
  52. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 199.
  53. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 200.
  54. ^ a b Prien et al. 2005, p. 202.
  55. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 85.
  56. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 86.
  57. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 91.
  58. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 93.
  59. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 94.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2012, p. 180.
  61. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 96.
  62. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 98.
  63. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 99.
  64. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 183.
  65. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 100.
  66. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 169.
  67. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 170.
  68. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 185.
  69. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 171.
  70. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Prien et al. 2012, p. 186.
  71. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 173.
  72. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 174.
  73. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 175.
  74. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 176.
  75. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2012, p. 187.
  76. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 637–638.
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 637.
  78. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2022, p. 380.
  79. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Prien et al. 2022, p. 384.
  80. ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 380, 387.
  81. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2022, p. 381.
  82. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2022, p. 382.
  83. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2022, p. 385.
  84. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2022, p. 386.
  85. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Prien et al. 2022, p. 383.
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2022, p. 387.
  87. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 638.
  88. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 638–639.
  89. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Prien et al. 2022, p. 390.
  90. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2022, p. 388.
  91. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 639.
  92. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2022, p. 389.
  93. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2022, p. 391.
  94. ^ a b c Berger 1999, p. 152.
  95. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 117.
  96. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 230.
  97. ^ Thomas 1997, p. 367.
  98. ^ a b Kurowski 2007, p. 149.
  99. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 257.
  100. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 81.
  101. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 46.

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