Wikipedia portal for content related to Estonia
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Estonia Republic of Estonia , is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland , to the west by the sea across from Sweden , to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Russia . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland , the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa , and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the east coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,335 square kilometres (17,504 sq mi). Tallinn and Tartu are the two largest urban areas . The Estonian language is the official language and the first language of the majority of the population of 1.4 million.
Present-day Estonia has been inhabited by humans since at least 9,000 BC. The medieval indigenous population of Estonia was one of the last pagan civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Northern Crusades in the 13th century. After more than six centuries of rule by the Teutonic Order , Denmark , Sweden , Poland–Lithuania and the Russian Empire , a distinct Estonian national identity began to reemerge in the mid-19th century. This culminated in the 1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence from the then-warring Russian and German empires. Democratic throughout most of the interwar period , Estonia declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War II , however the country was repeatedly contested, invaded, and occupied ; first by the Soviet Union in 1940 , then Nazi Germany in 1941, and ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit (Estonian SSR ). Throughout the 1944–91 Soviet occupation, Estonia's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . Following the 1988–90 "Singing Revolution " against Soviet rule, the nation's full independence was restored on 20 August 1991 .
Estonia is a developed country with a high-income advanced economy and a member of the Eurozone . It is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic , administratively subdivided into 15 maakond (counties) . With a population of 1.37 million, it is one of the least populous members of the European Union and NATO . Estonia is among the least corrupt countries in the world and has the lowest level of corruption among the former Soviet Union states. Estonia has consistently ranked highly in international rankings for quality of life , education , press freedom , digitalisation of public services and the prevalence of technology companies. (Full article...
Tallinn capital and most populous city of Estonia . Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea , Tallinn has a population of about 461,000 (as of 2025) and administratively lies in the Harju maakond Tartu ; however, only 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki , Finland , also 320 km (200 mi) west of Saint Petersburg , Russia , 300 km (190 mi) north of Riga , Latvia , and 380 km (240 mi) east of Stockholm , Sweden . From the 13th century until the first half of the 20th century, Tallinn was known in most of the world by variants of its other historical name Reval .
Tallinn received Lübeck city rights in 1248; however, the earliest evidence of human settlement in the area dates back nearly 5,000 years. The medieval indigenous population of what is now Tallinn and north Estonia was one of the last "pagan " civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Papal -sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 13th century. The first recorded claim over the place was laid by Denmark after a successful raid in 1219 led by King Valdemar II , followed by a period of alternating Scandinavian and Teutonic rulers. Due to the strategic location by the sea, its medieval port became a significant trade hub , especially in the 14–16th centuries, when Tallinn grew in importance as the northernmost member city of the Hanseatic League . Tallinn Old Town is one of the best-preserved medieval cities in Europe and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . (Full article...
The following are images from various Estonia-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Public education systems founded during prior Swedish rule made Estonia and Finland the two most literate areas of
Russian Empire (map of
1897 census literacy data) (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 2 Tallinn, 28 August 1941 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 3 Europe in the 9th century (from
History of Estonia )
Image 4 Tartu University (Universität Dorpat) in 1860, during its 'Golden Age' (from
History of Estonia )
Image 6 Fragments of the
Wanradt–Koell Catechism (1535), the first book printed in
Estonian (from
History of Estonia )
Image 7 Varbola ruins (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 8 A moment before the opening of the 25th
Estonian Song Festival (2009) at the Tallinn Song Festival grounds. (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 9 Stone
cist graves from the Bronze Age in northern Estonia (from
History of Estonia )
Image 10 Corded Ware culture pottery and stone axes, at the EHM (from
History of Estonia )
Image 11 Estonian
folk music performers dressed in 19th-century festive
folk costumes (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 12 Comb Ceramic pottery at the Estonian History Museum (from
History of Estonia )
Image 14 Hermann Castle , Narva, was one of the Teutonic Order's castles in Estonia. (from
History of Estonia )
Image 15 Estonia's greatest territorial extent ever, reached during its War of Independence, marked by the light blue line on the map. (from
History of Estonia )
Image 16 Ancient Estonia until 21 September 1217 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 18 Stone Cist Graves from The Bronze Age in Northern Estonia (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 19 Estonian Soviet politician
Johannes Käbin led the
Estonian Communist Party from 1950 to 1978 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 21 Counties of Ancient Estonia in the beginning of the 13th century. (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 22 Dannebrog falling from the sky during the
Battle of Lindanise , 1219 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 23 The Estonian Army High Command in 1920 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 25 Tools made by
Kunda culture , the Estonian History Museum (from
History of Estonia )
Image 26 Public education systems founded during prior Swedish rule made Estonia and Finland the two most literate areas of
Russian Empire (map of
1897 census literacy data) (from
History of Estonia )
Image 27 Artifacts of the hoard from Kumna, Estonia (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 29 Estonian President
Kersti Kaljulaid with Russian President
Vladimir Putin in April 2019 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 32 Outline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (from
History of Estonia )
Image 33 Livonian Confederation in the 15th century (from
History of Estonia )
Image 34 From
Dirham hoards in Estonia, 8th–11th centuries. (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 35 Europe in 19th century (from
History of Estonia )
Image 36 Livonia, as shown in the map of 1573 of Joann Portantius (from
History of Estonia )
Image 37 Corded Ware culture pottery and stone axes at the Estonian History Museum. (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 38 Estonian farmers drinking (vodka) in an
inn , by
Oskar Hoffmann (painter) , 1899. (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 39 Map of
Varbola Stronghold by L. A. Mellin (from
History of Estonia )
Image 40 The Swedish Empire, 1560–1815 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 41 Tools made by Kunda culture, the
Estonian History Museum (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 42 Registration card for Estonian citizenship from 1989 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 43 Soviet prison doors on display in the Museum of Occupations, Tallinn (from
History of Estonia )
Image 45 Toompea castle – the seat of the
Riigikogu (from
History of Estonia )
Image 46 Comb Ceramic pottery at the Estonian History Museum (from
Ancient Estonia )
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