Poykayil Yohannan

Poykayil Sree Kumara Gurudevan (17 February 1879, in Eraviperoor – 1939), known as Poykayil Appachan or Poykayil Yohannan, was a spiritual leader, poet, Dalit emancipator, renaissance leader and the founder of the socio-religious movement Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha ("God's Society of Obvious Salvation").^{[1][full citation needed]}

Yohannan joined the Marthoma church, a reformist sect among the Syrian Christians, but realised the church treated Dalits as an inferior class, and so left it. He then joined a new sect called the Brethren Mission where he faced similar instances of caste based discrimination. Yohannan concluded that Indian Christian communities continued to discriminate based on caste, and felt this defied the basic tenets of Christianity.^[2]

In 1909, Yohannan left Christianity and started his own religious protest movement named Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha. He was known as Poikayil Appachan or Kumara Gurudevan afterwards.^{[citation needed]} Johannan advocated spiritual liberation, and sought to empower and consolidate the Dalits, promoting a creed in which the "dalit castes" would be free of discrimination.^{[3][better source needed]}

Appachan was nominated twice, in 1921 and 1931, to the Sree Moolam Praja Sabha, the legislative council of the princely state of Travancore.^[4]

• Unknown Subjects: Songs of Poykayil Appachan. Translated from Malayalam by A.S. Sekher
• Vadyakhoshangal Nadathunnavarum and Ente Vamshathepatti were featured in the Dalit Poem Collection named Kathal — published by DC Books
• Poikayil Appachan's biography translated from Malayalam by Deepthy Krishna

• Mannikkale Maanikkyam - Drama by V. V. Santhakumar features Yohannan

• Mohan, P. Sanal (2013). "Religion, Social Space, and Identity: The Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha and the Making of Cultural Boundaries in Twentieth Century Kerala". In Channa, Subhadra Mitra; Mencher, Joan P. (eds.). Life as a Dalit: Views from the Bottom on Caste in India. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 978-8-13211-777-3.

• V. V. Swamy and E. V. Anil, "Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha - Orma, Pattu, Charithrarekhakal", Adiyardeepam Publications, 2010

• 'Vyavastayude Nadapathakal', Society of PRDS Studies, Unseen letters, Slate Publications, 2017
• Raj,Anandu. “അനുയായികൾക്ക് ലഭിച്ച ഉറപ്പിൽ നിന്നാണ് അപ്പച്ചൻ ‌ദൈവമാകുന്നത്.” Keraleeyam Online, Feb. 2023. https://www.keraleeyammasika.com/poyikayil-appachan-kerala-dalit-prds-renaissance/