View text source at Wikipedia

Prime Minister of Canada

"Premier of Canada" redirects here. For a list of prime ministers of Canada, see List of prime ministers of Canada. For provincial and territorial heads of government, see Premier (Canada). For the historical position, see joint premiers of the Province of Canada.

Prime Minister of Canada
Premier ministre du Canada
since November 4, 2015
Government of Canada
Privy Council Office
Style
AbbreviationPM
Member of
Reports toHouse of Commons
Residence24 Sussex Drive[b]
SeatOffice of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building
AppointerMonarch (represented by the governor general)[3]
with the confidence of the House of Commons[4]
Term lengthAt His Majesty's pleasure
Constituting instrumentNone (constitutional convention)
Inaugural holderJohn A. Macdonald
FormationJuly 1, 1867
DeputyDeputy Prime Minister
Salary$406,200 (2024)[5]
Websitepm.gc.ca

The prime minister of Canada (French: premier ministre du Canada)[note 1] is the head of government of Canada. Under the Westminster system, the prime minister governs with the confidence of a majority of the elected House of Commons; as such, the prime minister typically sits as a member of Parliament (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. As first minister, the prime minister selects ministers to form the Cabinet.

Not outlined in any constitutional document, the prime minister is appointed by the monarch's representative, the governor general, and the office exists per long-established convention. Constitutionally, executive authority is vested in the monarch (who is the head of state), but the powers of the monarch and governor general are nearly always exercised on the advice of the Cabinet,[6] which is collectively responsible to the House of Commons. Canadian prime ministers are appointed to the Privy Council and styled as the Right Honourable (French: le très honorable),[note 2] a privilege maintained for life.

The prime minister is supported by the Prime Minister's Office and heads the Privy Council Office.[7] The prime minister also selects individuals for appointment as governor general (in the federal jurisdiction) and lieutenant governor (in the provinces), as well as to the Senate of Canada, Supreme Court of Canada, other federal courts, and the chairs and boards of various Crown corporations.

Since Confederation in 1867, 23 prime ministers (twenty-two men and one woman) have formed 29 ministries.[8] Justin Trudeau, the current prime minister, took office on November 4, 2015, following the 2015 federal election, wherein his Liberal Party won a majority of seats. Trudeau's Liberals subsequently won a plurality of seats in the 2019 and 2021 elections, leaving Trudeau with minority governments.

Origin of the office

[edit]

The position of prime minister is not outlined in any Canadian constitutional document and is mentioned only in a few sections of the Constitution Act, 1982,[9][10] and the Letters Patent, 1947, issued by King George VI.[11] The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions and modelled on the same office in the United Kingdom.

Qualifications and selection

[edit]

In 2008, a public opinion survey showed that 51% of Canadians believed they voted to directly elect the prime minister.[14] In fact, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in Cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch.[15] By the conventions of responsible government, the foundation of parliamentary democracy, the governor general will call to form a government the individual most likely to receive the support, or confidence, of a majority of the directly elected members of the House of Commons;[16] as a practical matter, this is often the leader of the party, or a coalition of parties,[17][18] whose members form a majority, or a very large plurality, of seats in the House of Commons.[19] No document is needed to begin the appointment; a party leader becomes prime minister-designate as soon as he accepts the governor general's invitation to form a government.[20]

A prime minister who has given intention to resign may advise the governor general on whom to appoint as the next prime minister. However, if the prime minister is resigning because he has lost the confidence of the House of Commons, the viceroy is not obligated to follow that advice.[20] Ivor Jennings wrote, "where the government is defeated and there is a leader of the opposition, the King must send for him."[21] If the leader of the opposition is unable or unwilling to form a government,[note 3] the governor general can consult whomever he wishes.[20]

While there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be an MP,[20] for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly.[23] However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister. Two former prime ministers—John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while members of the Senate.[24] Both, in their roles as government leader in the Senate, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in 1891 and John Sparrow David Thompson in 1894.

John A. Macdonald, the first prime minister of Canada (1867–1873, 1878–1891)

Prime ministers who are not MPs upon their appointment (or who lose their seats while in office) have since been expected to seek election to the House of Commons as soon as possible. For example, William Lyon Mackenzie King, after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election and again in the 1945 Canadian federal election (despite his party being elected government both times), briefly governed without a seat in the House of Commons on both occasions before winning a by-election a few weeks later. Similarly, John Turner replaced Pierre Trudeau as leader of the Liberal Party in 1984 and subsequently was appointed prime minister while not holding a seat in the House of Commons; Turner won a riding in the next election but the Liberal Party was swept from power.

When a prime minister loses their seat in the legislature, or should a new prime minister be appointed without holding a seat, the typical process that follows is that a member in the governing political party will resign to allow the prime minister to run in the resulting by-election.[24] A safe seat is usually chosen; while the Liberal and Conservative parties generally observed a practice of not running a candidate against another party's new leader in the by-election, the New Democratic Party and smaller political parties typically do not follow the same practice.[25] However, if the governing party selects a new leader shortly before an election is due, and that new leader is not a member of the legislature, they will normally await the upcoming election before running for a seat in Parliament.

Term of office

[edit]
Further information: List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office § Calculation of terms of office

The prime minister serves at His Majesty's pleasure, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, and once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until they resign, are dismissed, or die.[26]

While the lifespan of a parliament is constitutionally limited to five years, a 2007 amendment to the Canada Elections Act, Section 56.1(2) limited the term of a Parliament to four years, with election day being set as the third Monday in October of the fourth calendar year after the previous polling date.[27] The governor general may still, on the advice of the prime minister, dissolve parliament and issue the writs of election prior to the date mandated by the constitution or Canada Elections Act; the King–Byng Affair was the only time since Confederation that the governor general refused the prime minister's request for a general vote.

Following parliamentary dissolution, should the prime minister's party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, it is unnecessary to re-appoint the prime minister or for the prime minister to retake the oath of office.[26] If, however, an opposition party wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or choose to meet Parliament to see if the incumbent government can win a confidence vote. Should the prime minister's party achieve a minority while an opposition party wins a plurality (i.e., more seats than any other party but less than a majority), the prime minister can attempt to maintain the confidence of the House by forming a coalition with other minority parties, which was last entertained in 1925 or by entering into a confidence-and-supply agreement, or by winning support of other parties on a vote-by-vote basis.[citation needed]

Role and authority

[edit]
Further information: King's Privy Council for Canada
Canada's prime ministers during its first century

Because the prime minister is in practice the most politically powerful member of the Canadian government, they are sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada's head of state,[note 4] when, in fact, that role belongs to the Canadian monarch, represented by the governor general.[29] The prime minister is, instead, the head of government and is responsible for advising the Crown on how to exercise much of the royal prerogative and its executive powers,[17] which are governed by the written constitution and constitutional conventions. However, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Today, per the doctrines of constitutional monarchy, the advice given by the prime minister is ordinarily binding, meaning the prime minister effectively carries out those duties ascribed to the sovereign or governor general, leaving the latter to act in predominantly ceremonial fashions.[30] As such, the prime minister, supported by the Office of the Prime Minister (PMO), controls the appointments of many key figures in Canada's system of governance, including the governor general, the Cabinet, justices of the Supreme Court, senators, heads of Crown corporations, ambassadors and high commissioners, the provincial lieutenant governors, and approximately 3,100 other positions. Further, the prime minister plays a prominent role in the legislative process—with the majority of bills put before Parliament originating in the Cabinet—and the leadership of the Canadian Armed Forces.

William Lyon Mackenzie King, the 10th prime minister of Canada (1921–1926; 1926–1930; 1935–1948)

Pierre Trudeau is often credited with, throughout his tenure as prime minister (1968–79, 1980–84), consolidating power in the PMO,[31] which is itself filled by political and administrative staff selected at the prime minister's discretion and unaccountable to Parliament. At the end of the 20th century and into the 21st, analysts—such as Jeffrey Simpson,[32] Donald Savoie, Andrew Coyne,[33] and John Gomery—argued that both Parliament and the Cabinet had become eclipsed by prime ministerial power;[note 5][34] Savoie wrote: "The Canadian prime minister has little in the way of institutional check, at least inside government, to inhibit his ability to have his way."[35] Indeed, the position has been described as undergoing a "presidentialization",[31][36] to the point that its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state (and prime minister's spouses are sometimes referred to as First Lady of Canada[37][38]).[39][40] Former governor general Adrienne Clarkson alluded to what she saw as "an unspoken rivalry" that had developed between the prime minister and the Crown.[41] It has been theorized that such is the case in Canada as its Parliament is less influential on the executive than in other countries with Westminster parliamentary systems; particularly, Canada has fewer MPs, a higher turnover rate of MPs after each election, and a US-style system for selecting political party leaders, leaving them accountable to the party membership rather than caucus (as is the case in the UK).[42]

There do exist checks on the prime minister's power: the House of Commons may revoke its confidence in an incumbent prime minister and Cabinet or caucus revolts can quickly bring down a serving premier and even mere threats of such action can persuade or compel a prime minister to resign their post, as happened with Jean Chrétien. The Reform Act, 2014,[43] codifies the process by which a caucus may trigger a party leadership review and, if necessary, chose an interim leader, thereby making a prime minister more accountable to the MPs in one's party. Caucuses may choose to follow these rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote, thereby subjecting the party's choice to public scrutiny.[44]

The Senate may delay or impede legislation put forward by the Cabinet, such as when Brian Mulroney's bill creating the Goods and Services Tax (GST) came before the Senate, and given Canada's federal nature, the jurisdiction of the federal government is limited to areas prescribed by the constitution. Further, as executive power is constitutionally vested in the monarch, meaning the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of its ministers,[45][46][47] the sovereign's supremacy over the prime minister in the constitutional order is thus seen as a "rebuff to the pretensions of the elected: As it has been said, when the prime minister bows before the queen, he bows before us [the Canadian people]."[48][49] Either the sovereign or the governor general may therefore oppose the prime minister's will in extreme, crisis situations.[note 6] Near the end of her time as governor general, Adrienne Clarkson stated: "My constitutional role has lain in what are called 'reserve powers': making sure that there is a prime minister and a government in place, and exercising the right 'to encourage, to advise, and to warn'[...] Without really revealing any secrets, I can tell you that I have done all three."[50]

Privileges

[edit]
24 Sussex Drive, the official residence of the prime minister of Canada

Two official residences are provided to the prime minister—24 Sussex Drive in Ottawa and Harrington Lake, a country retreat in Gatineau Park—as well an office in the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building (formerly known as Langevin Block), across from Parliament Hill.[51]

For transportation, the prime minister is afforded an armoured car (a car allowance of $2,000 per year) and shared use of two official aircraft—a CC-150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister and their family. All of the aforementioned is provided through budgets approved by Parliament.

As of April 2024, the prime minister's annual salary is $406,200[52] (consisting of an MP's salary of $203,100 and the prime minister's additional salary of $203,100).[53]

Serving or former prime ministers are accorded a state funeral, wherein their casket lies in state in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill.[54] Only Bowell and the Viscount Bennett were given private funerals, Bennett also being the only former prime minister of Canada to die and be buried outside the country and Bowell the only whose funeral was not attended by politicians. John Thompson also died outside Canada, at Windsor Castle, where Queen Victoria permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax.[55]

The mark of the prime ministership of Canada, applied to the arms of prime ministers

Prior to 1919, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix Sir before their name; of the first eight prime ministers of Canada, only Alexander Mackenzie refused the honour of a knighthood from Queen Victoria. Following the 1919 Nickle Resolution, however, the House of Commons declared that it should be against the policy of the Canadian Sovereign (and the Canadian government advising the Monarch when such honours are not within the Monarch's personal gift) to bestow aristocratic or chivalric titles to Canadians. The Crown in right of Canada (but not the Crown in right of the United Kingdom, which has periodically bestowed such Imperial honours on such citizens) has since adopted this policy generally, such that the last prime minister to be knighted near appointment was Robert Borden, who was the prime minister at the time the Nickle Resolution was debated in the House of Commons (and was knighted before the resolution). Still, Bennett was, in 1941, six years after he stepped down as prime minister, elevated to the peerage of the United Kingdom by King George VI as Viscount Bennett, of Mickleham in the County of Surrey and of Calgary and Hopewell in Canada.[56][57] No prime minister has since been titled.

The Canadian Heraldic Authority (CHA) grants former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the coat of arms of those who apply for them. The heraldic badge, referred to by the CHA as the mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada,[58] consists of four red maple leaves joined at the stem on a white field (Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules); the augmentation is usually a canton or centred in the chief.[58][59][60][61][62] Joe Clark,[58] Pierre Trudeau,[59] John Turner,[60] Brian Mulroney,[61] Kim Campbell,[62] Jean Chrétien[63] and Paul Martin[64] were granted arms with the augmentation.

Style of address

[edit]
Kim Campbell, the 19th prime minister of Canada (1993) and only female and British Columbia–born person to hold the office

Canada continues the Westminster tradition of using the title Prime Minister when one is speaking to the federal head of government directly; the Department of Canadian Heritage advises that the term Mr. Prime Minister should not be used in official contexts.[65] The written form of address for the prime minister should use their full parliamentary title: The Right Honourable [name], [post-nominal letters], Prime Minister of Canada. However, while in the House of Commons during Question Period, other members of parliament may address the prime minister as the Right Honourable Member for [prime minister's riding] or simply the Right Honourable Prime Minister.[66] Former prime ministers retain the prefix the Right Honourable for the remainder of their lives; should they remain sitting MPs, they may be referred as the Right Honourable Member for [member's riding], by their portfolio title (if appointed to one), as in the Right Honourable Minister of National Defence, or should they become opposition leader, as the Right Honourable Leader of the Opposition.

In the decades following Confederation, it was common practice to refer to the prime minister as Premier of Canada,[67][68][69] a custom that continued during the First World War, around the time of Robert Borden's premiership.[70][71][72] While contemporary sources will still speak of early prime ministers of Canada as premier,[73][74][75] the modern practice is such that the federal head of government is known almost exclusively as the prime minister, while the provincial and territorial heads of government are termed premiers (in French, premiers are addressed as premier ministre du [province], literally translated as prime minister of [province]).

Prime minister–designate of Canada

[edit]
Further information: Prime minister–designate

The prime minister–designate of Canada is the person who has been designated as the future prime minister by the governor general, after either the individual's political party won a general election or proposed to form either a confidence-and-supply government or coalition government. The term does not apply to incumbent prime ministers.

Activities post-premiership

[edit]
Lester Pearson

After exiting office, former prime ministers of Canada have engaged in various pursuits. Some remained in politics: Bowell continued as a senator, and Bennett moved to the United Kingdom after being elevated to the House of Lords.[76] A number were leaders of the Official Opposition: John A. Macdonald, Arthur Meighen, Mackenzie King,[77] and Pierre Trudeau, all before being re-appointed as prime minister (Mackenzie King twice); Alexander Mackenzie and John Diefenbaker, both prior to sitting as regular Members of Parliament until their deaths;[78] Wilfrid Laurier dying while still in the post;[79] and Charles Tupper,[80] Louis St. Laurent,[81] and John Turner, each before they returned to private business. Meighen was also appointed to the Senate following his second period as prime minister, but resigned his seat to seek re-election and moved to private enterprise after failing to win a riding.[82] Also returning to civilian life were: Robert Borden, who was Chancellor of Queen's and McGill Universities, as well as working in the financial sector; Lester B. Pearson, who was Chancellor of Carleton University;[83] Joe Clark and Kim Campbell, who were university lecturers, Clark also consultant and Campbell working in international diplomacy and as the director of private companies and chairperson of interest groups; while Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien returned to legal practice.[84] Former prime ministers also commonly penned autobiographies—Tupper,[80] for example—or published their memoirs—such as Diefenbaker and Paul Martin.[78]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ When the position is held by a woman, the French title is première ministre du Canada.
  2. ^ When the style is held by a woman, the French title is la très honorable.
  3. ^ When Prime Minister John A. Macdonald died in office in 1891, Governor General the Lord Stanley of Preston approached John Thompson to form a government. But Thompson declined and instead advised Stanley to call on Senator John Abbott. Ahead of Prime Minister Mackenzie Bowell's resignation in 1896, Donald Smith turned down the offer to be the next head of government, leading Governor General the Earl of Aberdeen to appoint Charles Tupper as prime minister. Robert Borden announced his intention to resign as prime minister in 1920. Thomas White was summoned by Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy and rejected the appointment as prime minister. Byng then installed Arthur Meighen as his chief advisor.[22]
  4. ^ A 2008 Ipsos-Reid poll found 42% of respondents thought the prime minister was head of state.[28]
  5. ^ See note 2 at Cabinet of Canada.
  6. ^ See "Responsibilities" and note 1 at Cabinet of Canada.
  1. ^ This title is granted to holders of the office for life upon taking office.
  2. ^ Under renovation since 2015. Rideau Cottage is the current residence of Justin Trudeau.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Heritage, Canadian (October 16, 2017). "Styles of address". aem. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  2. ^ "The Canadian Parliamentary system - Our Procedure - House of Commons". www.ourcommons.ca. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  3. ^ "Constitutional Duties". The Governor General of Canada. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  4. ^ "House of Commons Procedure and Practice - 1. Parliamentary Institutions - Canadian Parliamentary Institutions". www.ourcommons.ca. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  5. ^ "Indemnities, Salaries and Allowances". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  6. ^ Brooks, Stephen (2007). Canadian Democracy: An Introduction (5 ed.). Don Mills: Oxford University Press. pp. 233–234. ISBN 978-0-19-543103-2.
  7. ^ "Privy Council Office | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  8. ^ "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of the Canadian Parliament. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  9. ^ Privy Council Office, Intergovernmental Affairs > About Canada > The Canadian Constitution, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on February 27, 2014, retrieved June 7, 2010
  10. ^ Branch, Legislative Services (August 7, 2020). "Consolidated federal laws of canada, THE CONSTITUTION ACTS, 1867 to 1982". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca.
  11. ^ George VI (October 1, 1947), "I", Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada, Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada, retrieved May 29, 2009
  12. ^ Cyr, Hugo (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.), The Crown in the 21st Century (PDF), On the Formation of Government, vol. 22, Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies, p. 105, retrieved June 6, 2023
  13. ^ Survey suggests Canadians ignorant of government system, CBC News, December 14, 2008, retrieved June 6, 2023
  14. ^ [12][13]
  15. ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada, Media > Fact Sheets > The Swearing-In of a New Ministry, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on June 16, 2008, retrieved May 18, 2009
  16. ^ Pothen, Phil (2009), Disinformation as a Back Door to 'Constitutional Revolution' in Canada, Toronto: Ontario Bar Association, retrieved September 13, 2010
  17. ^ a b Brooks 2007, p. 235
  18. ^ Bryden, Joan (October 19, 2019), 'Complete nonsense': Experts dispute Scheer's claims about forming government, Global News, archived from the original on October 21, 2019
  19. ^ Forsey, Eugene (2005), How Canadians Govern Themselves (PDF) (6 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, pp. 3–4, ISBN 0-662-39689-8, archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2009, retrieved December 9, 2009
  20. ^ a b c d Government of Canada (1970), Governor General (PDF), WordPress, p. 145, retrieved March 14, 2024
  21. ^ Jennings, William Ivor (1947), Cabinet Government (1 ed.), Cambridge, p. 35{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. ^ Government of Canada 1970, p. 146
  23. ^ Forsey, Eugene (March 2012). "How Canadians Govern Themselves > The Prime Minister". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  24. ^ a b Forsey 2005, p. 38
  25. ^ Grenier, Éric (July 12, 2018). "NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh won't have a free pass if he runs in a byelection". CBC News.
  26. ^ a b Forsey 2005, p. 5
  27. ^ Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Canada Elections Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  28. ^ In the Wake of Constitutional Crisis: New Survey Demonstrates that Canadians Lack Basic Understanding of Our Country's Parliamentary System (PDF), Toronto: Ipsos Reid, December 15, 2008, p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2008, retrieved May 18, 2010
  29. ^ Library and Archives Canada. "First Among Equals: The Prime Minister in Canadian Life and Politics > Alone at the Top > Head of State". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
  30. ^ Brooks 2007, pp. 233–235
  31. ^ a b Geddes, John (January 25, 2009). "Will the prorogation of Parliament set off a populist revolt?". Maclean's. Toronto: Kenneth Whyte. ISSN 0024-9262. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
  32. ^ Simpson, Jeffrey (2001). The Friendly Dictatorship. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-7710-8079-1.
  33. ^ Coyne, Andrew (June 30, 2015). "Liberals' idea for gender quota in Cabinet leaves out the principle of merit". National Post. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  34. ^ Brooks 2007, p. 258
  35. ^ Savoie, Donald (1999). Governing from the Centre: The Concentration of Power in Canadian Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-8020-8252-7.
  36. ^ "Time to address democratic deficit", Toronto Star, January 27, 2010, retrieved January 27, 2010
  37. ^ Zamon, Rebecca (November 4, 2015). "The Prime Minister's Wife: What Is Her Title, Exactly?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  38. ^ Alberici, Emma (May 18, 2016), 'I need help': Why did Canada's first lady spark such a backlash?, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, retrieved June 3, 2017
  39. ^ Jackson, Michael D. (2009). "The Senior Realms of the Queen" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Vol. Autumn 2009, no. 30. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  40. ^ Blair, Louisa (2001). Venne, Michel (ed.). Vive Quebec!: new thinking and new approaches to the Quebec nation. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-55028-734-9.
  41. ^ Franks, C.E.S. (April 9, 2010), "Keep the Queen and choose another head of state", The Globe and Mail, retrieved January 23, 2011
  42. ^ Foot, Richard (January 15, 2010), "Only in Canada: Harper's prorogation is a Canadian thing", National Post, archived from the original on January 18, 2010, retrieved January 16, 2010
  43. ^ Parliament of Canada (June 23, 2015), Bill C-586, Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved June 2, 2015
  44. ^ Selley, Chris (May 28, 2015). "Thanks to the Senate, I've finally come around to liking the Reform Act". National Post. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
  45. ^ MacLeod, Kevin S. (2008), A Crown of Maples (PDF) (1 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 16, ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1, retrieved June 21, 2009
  46. ^ Cox, Noel (September 2002). "Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence". Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. 9 (3). Perth: Murdoch University: 12. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
  47. ^ Neitsch, Alfred Thomas (2008). "A Tradition of Vigilance: The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta" (PDF). Canadian Parliamentary Review. Vol. 30, no. 4. Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  48. ^ Coyne, Andrew (November 13, 2009). "Defending the royals". Maclean's. Toronto: Rogers Communications. ISSN 0024-9262. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  49. ^ Coyne, Andrew (April 10, 2002), "A lightning rod for patriotic love", National Post, archived from the original on May 23, 2006, retrieved May 22, 2006
  50. ^ "GG reflects on mandate during farewell address". CTV. September 14, 2005. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
  51. ^ Privy Council Office. "Did You Know > The Langevin Block from Yesterday to Today". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  52. ^ "Political Salaries - What the world pays its politicians – Leaders". Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  53. ^ "Indemnities, Salaries and Allowances". lop.parl.ca. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  54. ^ State Funerals in Canada. "Frequently Asked Questions on State Funerals in Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
  55. ^ Waite, P.B. (1990). "Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  56. ^ Library of Parliament. "Federal Government > Prime Ministers of Canada > Biographical Informarion > BENNETT, The Right Hon. Richard Bedford, P.C., K.C., K.G.St.J., LL.B." Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
  57. ^ [1] The London Gazette, July 22, 1941.
  58. ^ a b c "Clark, Rt. Hon. Charles Joseph". Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  59. ^ a b "Trudeau, Rt. Hon. Pierre Elliot". Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  60. ^ a b "Turner, Rt. Hon. John Napier". Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  61. ^ a b "Mulroney, Rt. Hon. Martin Brian". Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  62. ^ a b "Campbell, Rt. Hon. Kim, PC". Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  63. ^ General, The Office of the Secretary to the Governor (November 12, 2020). "Chrétien, Joseph Jacques Jean [Individual]". reg.gg.ca.
  64. ^ "Paul Edgar Phillippe Martin". The Governor General of Canada. Canadian Heraldic Authority. August 15, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  65. ^ Department of Canadian Heritage (October 16, 2017). "Styles of address". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  66. ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Styles of address — Federal dignitaries". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
  67. ^ "Canada's Premier Talks; Attitude of the Dominion on the Seal Question", The New York Times, p. 9, March 12, 1893, retrieved January 25, 2010
  68. ^ Grand Lodge of Canada (1884). Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, & Accepted Masons of Canada. Hamilton: Spectator Printing Co. p. 15. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  69. ^ Hopkins, J. Castell (1901). "The Proposed Union of Canada with Newfoundland". The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs. Vol. 1902. Toronto: The Annual Review Publishing Company. pp. 449–453. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  70. ^ "Premier Pledges Canada to Fight Until War is Won", The New York Times, p. 1, November 21, 1916, retrieved January 25, 2010
  71. ^ "The Santa Fe magazine, Volume 9". The Santa Fe. Vol. 9. Santa Fe: Santa Fe Magazine. 1914. p. 44. ISSN 0036-4541. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  72. ^ Freshfield, A. C. Haddon (May 1913). "The Distribution of Human and Animal Life in Western Arctic America". The Geographical Journal. 41 (5). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing: 459–460. doi:10.2307/1778163. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1778163.
  73. ^ "Sir John Sparrow David Thompson". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  74. ^ Library and Archives Canada (June 25, 2008). "Politics and Government > Sir John A. Macdonald > The Opponents". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  75. ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. "John Alexander MacDonald". Queen's Printer. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  76. ^ Waite, P.B. (2016). "Bennett, Richard Bedford, 1st Viscount Bennett". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XVII (1941–1950) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  77. ^ Neatby, H. Blair (2016). "King, William Lyon Mackenzie". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XVII (1941–1950) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  78. ^ a b Smith, Dennis (2016). "Diefenbaker, John George". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XX (1971–1980) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  79. ^ Bélanger, Réal (1998). "Laurier, Sir Wilfrid". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  80. ^ a b Buckner, Phillip (1998). "Tupper, Sir Charles". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  81. ^ Bothwell, Robert (2016). "St. Laurent, Louis". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XX (1971–1980) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  82. ^ Glassford, Larry A. (2016). "Meighen, Arthur". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XVIII (1951–1960) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  83. ^ English, John (2016). "Pearson, Lester Bowles". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XX (1971–1980) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  84. ^ English, John (2016). "Trudeau, Pierre Elliott". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XXII (1991–2000) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.

Further reading

[edit]
Further information: List of books about prime ministers of Canada
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Canada.
Order of precedence
Preceded byas Governor General of Canada Prime Minister of Canada
Canadian order of precedence (ceremonial) 		Succeeded byas Chief Justice of Canada