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Queen of Tanganyika

Queen of Tanganyika
Coat of arms of Tanganyika
Elizabeth II
Details
StyleHer Majesty
Formation9 December 1961
Abolition9 December 1962

Elizabeth II was Queen of Tanganyika from 1961 to 1962, when Tanganyika was an independent sovereign state and a constitutional monarchy. She was also the monarch of other sovereign states, including the United Kingdom. Her constitutional roles in Tanganyika were mostly delegated to the governor-general of Tanganyika.[1]

History

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The monarchy was created by the Tanganyika Independence Act 1961 (10 & 11 Eliz. 2. c. 1) which transformed the United Nations trust territory of Tanganyika into an independent sovereign constitutional monarchy.

External videos
video icon Tanganyika Independent (1961) Source: British Pathé.

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh represented the Queen of Tanganyika at the independence celebrations.[2] On 9 December 1961, the duke presented Tanganyika's instrument of independence to Julius Nyerere, who then became the Prime Minister of independent Tanganyika.[3][4][5] Dar es Salaam was made a city, when the duke presented the royal charter and letters patent. He was then made the first Freeman of Dar es Salaam, and afterwards told the gathering: "A new mantle of dignity and responsibility has fallen on the citizens of Dar es Salaam".[6][7] On 11 December, the duke formally opened the first session of the parliament of independent Tanganyika, on behalf of the Queen, before an assembly of people and diplomats, at a ceremony of pomp and colour.[7][8] Richard Turnbull, the Governor-General, addressed the duke, asking him to open Parliament by reading the Speech from the Throne.[9]

Constitutional role

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The flag of the Tanganyikan Governor-General featuring the St Edward's Crown.

Tanganyika was one of the realms of the Commonwealth of Nations that shared the same person as Sovereign and head of state.

Effective with the Tanganyika Independence Act 1961, no British government minister could advise the sovereign on any matters pertaining to Tanganyika, meaning that on all matters of Tanganyika, the monarch was advised solely by Tanganyikan ministers of the Crown. All Tanganyikan bills required Royal assent.[10] The Tanganyikan monarch was represented in the realm by the Governor-General of Tanganyika, who was appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Tanganyikan Prime Minister.[11]

The Crown and Government

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The Government of Tanganyika was officially known as Her Majesty's Government.[12]

The Tanganyikan monarch and the National Assembly of Tanganyika constituted the Parliament of Tanganyika.[11] All executive powers of Tanganyika rested with the sovereign.[13] All laws in Tanganyika were enacted only with the granting of royal assent, done by the Governor-General on behalf of the sovereign.[10] The Governor-General could reserve a bill "for the Queen's pleasure"; that is withhold his consent to the bill and present it to the sovereign for her personal decision; or he could veto it completely by withholding his assent therefrom.[10] The Governor-General was also responsible for summoning, proroguing, and dissolving Parliament.[14] The Governor-General had the power to choose and appoint the Council of Ministers and could dismiss them under his discretion. All Tanganyikan ministers of the Crown held office at the pleasure of the Governor-General.[15]

The Crown and the Courts

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The highest court of appeal for Tanganyika was the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The monarch, and by extension the governor-general, could also grant immunity from prosecution, exercise the royal prerogative of mercy, and pardon offences against the Crown, either before, during, or after a trial.[16]

Royal style and title

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The proclamation of the Queen's title published in the Tanganyika Gazette

By a proclamation, published in the Tanganyika Gazette in January 1962, the monarch adopted a separate Tanganyikan title in her role as Queen of Tanganyika.[17]

Elizabeth II had the following styles in her role as the monarch of Tanganyika:

Public perception

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The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs wrote:

On December 9, 1961, when Tanganyika became independent, it suddenly became a monarchy with the monarch as Queen of Tanganyika. But the British monarchy was regarded as a foreign institution and the new position increased the sense of alienation from the Crown. It is made clear, however, that the proposal to become a republic does not imply any disrespect towards the person of the Queen, whose position as Head of the Commonwealth is readily acknowledged ... The chief, as the leader of the tribe, still holds a position of great importance in most areas ... by and large the chiefs have retained the affection and loyalty of their people and since it is a monarchical system, it might be thought that the idea of monarchy was acceptable to the people and that in some areas it was strongly entrenched. There is, however, a difference between the monarchical idea of chieftainship and that of an alien monarch who is a European and who lives thousands of miles away and is never seen. The days have gone when the English sovereign can be expected to command the personal loyalty of African subjects in the same way as people of British origin.[21]

Abolition

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The Tanganyikan monarchy was abolished on 9 December 1962, and Tanganyika became a republic within the Commonwealth with the president of Tanganyika as head of state.

The Queen sent a message to the new President Julius Nyerere, in which she said:

I send you my warmest good wishes on the occasion of the inauguration of the Republic of Tanganyika and your assumption of office as the first President. I have followed your country's development with close attention and shall always watch the friendliest interest Tanganyika's endeavours and achievements in the years ahead. It is a source of great satisfaction to me that your country remains within the Commonwealth, and I am confident that the many bonds of friendship and understanding between our peoples will be maintained and strengthened.[22]

Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar in 1964 after the Zanzibar Revolution to form Tanzania. Queen Elizabeth visited Tanzania on 19–22 July 1979, visiting Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, and Kilimanjaro.[23]

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References

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  1. ^ Mangasini Atanasi Katundu; Neema Penance Kumburu (August 2015). "Tanzania's Constitutional Reform Predicament and the Survival of the Tanganyika and Zanzibar Union" (PDF). The Journal of Pan African Studies. 8 (3): 104–118.
  2. ^ Philip Murphy (2013), Monarchy and the End of Empire: The House of Windsor, the British Government, and the Postwar Commonwealth, OUP Oxford, p. 85
  3. ^ The British Commonwealth Year Book, MacGibbon and Kee, 1962, p. 244
  4. ^ A. B. Assensoh (1998), African Political Leadership: Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, and Julius K. Nyerere, Krieger Publishing Company, p. 131, ISBN 9780894649110
  5. ^ William Redman Duggan, John R. Civille (1976), Tanzania and Nyerere: A Study of Ujamaa and Nationhood, Orbis Books, p. 70, ISBN 9780883444757
  6. ^ East Africa and Rhodesia: Volume 38, Africana, 1961, p. 372
  7. ^ a b The East African Annual: Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, Zanzibar, East African Standard, Limited, 1962, p. 34
  8. ^ Socialist India: Volume 6, Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee, 1972, p. 38
  9. ^ The Parliamentarian: Journal of the Parliaments of the Commonwealth · Volume 43, General Council of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 1962, p. 178
  10. ^ a b c "THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961" (PDF). p. 20. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  11. ^ a b "THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  12. ^ Franck, Thomas M. (1968). Comparative Constitutional Process: Cases and Materials; Fundamental Rights in the Common Law Nations. F. A. Praeger. p. 16.
  13. ^ "THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961" (PDF). p. 21. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  14. ^ "THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961" (PDF). p. 21. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  15. ^ "THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961" (PDF). p. 22. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  16. ^ "THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961" (PDF). p. 25-26. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  17. ^ a b c "Tanganyika: Heads of State: 1961-1962". archontology.org. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  18. ^ "No. 39873". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 May 1953. p. 3023.
  19. ^ Royal proclamation affecting the change in the style is dated 16 Dec 1961 and takes effect upon publication in the Supplement to the Tanganyika Gazette, 12 Jan 1962.
  20. ^ The Statesman's Year-Book 1962: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of All Nations, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016, p. 54, ISBN 9780230270916
  21. ^ "The Republic of Tanganyika: A Break with the Colonial Past". The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs. 52 (208): 339–347. 1962. doi:10.1080/00358536208452388.
  22. ^ African World, African Publications, 1963, p. 15
  23. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.