View text source at Wikipedia

Resafa

This article is about the historic site in central Syria. For Ismaili fortress village in Syria, see al-Rusafa, Syria. For places in Iraq, see Al-Rusafa.
Al-Resafa
الرصافة
Panoramic view of Resafa
Panoramic view of Resafa
Al-Resafa is located in Syria
Al-Resafa
Al-Resafa
Location in Syria
Coordinates: 35°37′40″N 38°45′23″E / 35.62778°N 38.75639°E / 35.62778; 38.75639
Country Syria
GovernorateRaqqa Governorate
DistrictRaqqa District
Elevation
300 m (1,000 ft)

Resafa (Arabic: الرصافة, romanized: Reṣafa), sometimes spelled Rusafa, and known in the Byzantine era as Sergiopolis (Greek: Σεργιούπολις or Σεργιόπολις, lit. 'city of Saint Sergius') and briefly as Anastasiopolis (Αναστασιόπολις, lit. 'city of Anastasius'), was a city located in the Roman province of Euphratensis, in modern-day Syria. It is an archaeological site situated southwest of the city of Raqqa and the Euphrates.

Procopius describes at length the ramparts and buildings erected there by Justinian.[1] The walls of Resafa, which are still well preserved, are over 1600 feet in length and about 1000 feet in width; round or square towers were erected about every hundred feet; there are also ruins of a church with three apses.

Names

[edit]

Resafa corresponds to the Akkadian Raṣappa and the Biblical Rezeph (Septuagint; Koinē Greek: Ράφες), where it is mentioned in Isaiah 37:12;[2][3] cuneiform sources give Rasaappa, Rasappa, and Rasapi.[4][3]

Ptolemy calls it Rhesapha (Koinē Greek: Ρεσαφα).[5] In the late Roman Tabula Peutingeriana, it is called Risapa.[3] In the Notitia dignitatum, it is Rosafa.[3]

Procopius write that it was called Sergiopolis after the Saint Sergius.[6]

History

[edit]

Antiquity

[edit]

The site dates to the 9th century BC, when a military camp was built by the Assyrians.[7]

During Roman times, it was a desert outpost fortified to defend against the Sasanian Empire and a station on the Strata Diocletiana.[7] It flourished as its location on the caravan routes linking Aleppo, Dura-Europos, and Palmyra was ideal.[8]

Resafa had no spring or running water, so it depended on large cisterns to capture the winter and spring rains.[8]

Resafa was located in the area of the Roman–Persian Wars, and was therefore a well-defended city that had massive walls that surrounded it without a break. It also had a fortress.

In the 4th century, it became a pilgrimage town for Christians coming to venerate Saint Sergius, a Christian Roman soldier said to have been martyred in Resafa during the Diocletianic Persecution. A church was built to mark his grave, and the city was renamed Sergiopolis. Indeed, it became, after Jerusalem, "most important pilgrimage center in Byzantine Orientis in [the] proto-Byzantine period", with a special appeal to the local Arabs, especially the Ghassanids.[7] By the late 6th century, the Ghassanids' tribal Arab ally the Bahra' were tasked with guarding Resafa and its shrine from nomadic marauders and the Lakhmids of Mesopotamia.[9]

Muslim conquest to 13th century

[edit]

The city was lost by the Byzantines in the 7th century when the Arabs won the final victory at the Battle of Yarmouk in the year 636. In the eighth century, the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743) made the city his favoured residence, and built several palaces around it,[10] which are counted among the qasr or desert castle category.[11]

The city was finally abandoned in the 13th century when the Mongols invaded the area.

Civil War, 2011-2017

[edit]

In the Syrian Civil War, the town was occupied by ISIS, before being liberated by Government forces on 19 June 2017 during the Southern Raqqa Offensive.[12]

Ecclesiastical history

[edit]

Sergiopolis's first bishop was appointed shortly after 431 by John of Antioch, in spite of the opposition of the Metropolitan of Hierapolis Bambyce, on whom that church had till then depended. Later, Marianus attended a Council of Antioch.

Sergiopolis obtained the title of metropolis from Emperor Anastasius I. With five suffragan sees, it figures in the Notitia episcopatuum of Antioch in the sixth century. A bishop named Sergius or George was an envoy of Justinian to the Lakhmids around 524. At the fifth general council (Second Council of Constantinople) in 553, Abraham signed as metropolitan. The favors of Anastasius obtained for the city the name of Anastasiopolis, which it still retained at the beginning of the seventh century. Bishop Candidus, at the time of the Sassanian Persian siege of the city by Khosrau I (in 543), ransomed 1,200 captives for two hundred pounds of gold,[13] and, in 1093, Metropolitan Simeon restored the great Basilica ("Échos d'Orient", III, 238); which attests to the continuing existence of Christianity in Rasafa.[14][15]

Titular see(s)

[edit]

The (arch)diocese of Sergiopolis was nominally restored as a Roman Catholic titular bishopric, initially of the lowest (episcopal) rank, and under the curiate name Sergiopolis antea Resapha (having namesakes see Sergiopolis), and had the following incumbents as such:

In 1925, it was promoted to titular archbishopric of the highest, Metropolitan rank, and its name was shortened to Sergiopolis. As such, it has had the following incumbents, the first two however still only as titular bishop :

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "De edificiis", II, ix
  2. ^ Wildberger, Hans. Isaiah: Isaiah 28-39. Fortress Press. pp. 410, 418. ISBN 978-1-4514-0935-2.
  3. ^ a b c d Catholic Encyclopedia (1907), loc.cit.
  4. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sergiopolis" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  5. ^ V, xiv, 19, cited in Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sergiopolis" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  6. ^ "Procopius, de Bellis, *u*p*e*r *t*w*n *p*o*l*e*m*w*n *l*o*g*o*s *d*e*u*t*e*r*o*s, chapter 5". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
  7. ^ a b c Frankfurter, David (1998). Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt. BRILL. p. 379. ISBN 90-04-11127-1.
  8. ^ a b Hof, Catharine (2019). "The monumental Late Antique cisterns of Resafa, Syria as refined capacity and water-quality regulation system". Size Matters - Understanding Monumentality Across Ancient Civilizations. Histoire. Vol. 146. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 223–240. doi:10.14361/9783839445389-014. ISBN 978-3-8376-4538-5.
  9. ^ Shahid, Irfan (2002). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 2, Part 1. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 119. ISBN 0-88402-284-6.
  10. ^ Bowersock, Glen; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. p. 676. ISBN 978-0-674-51173-6.
  11. ^ Jacobson, David M. (1985-86). "Upper Herodium: A Fortress or a Château?" In Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 5, pp.56-68 [63]. Accessed 31 March 2024 via academia.edu.
  12. ^ "Syrian government forces liberate Rusafa town in southwest Raqqa". June 19, 2017. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  13. ^ Procopius, "De bello pers." II, 5, 20
  14. ^ This section is abridged from Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sergiopolis" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  15. ^ E J Brill, First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936, p.1184
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Resafa.