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Shahrizor or Shahrezur (Kurdish: شارەزوور, romanized: Şarezûr) is a fertile plain in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, situated in the Silêmanî Governorate and west of Hewraman. Shahrizor plain is watered by the tributaries of Tandjaro river which flows to Diyala and Tigris rivers.[1]
Etymology
[edit]The name Shahrazur is likely derived from two Iranian words: shah (king) and razur (forest), hence sharazur meaning kingly forest.[2] Herzfeld based on the fact that in classical sources the name was spelt with an initial /s/ rather /sh/, suggested white forest,[3] which he connected with the Avestan legends. Indeed, to this day the plain of Sharazur has an important status among adherents of native religion of Yarsan as a holy and sacred region where God descends for the Last Judgement.[4] The 12th century geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, based on folk etymology interpreted origin of name Sharazur, from the name of the son of Zahhak, whom he mentions as founder of the famous city of Sharazor.[5]
History
[edit]
Human occupation in the Shahrizor valley goes back to the prehistoric times, and the plain has been continuously occupied since then. Shahrizor Survey Project has shown that Shahrizor valley was already inhabited during the Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods.[6] The Halaf culture, and the Chalcolithic Ubaid culture have been attested here. This has been shown by extensive archaeological research, especially since 2009, at sites like Bakr Awa, Tell Begum, Gird-î Qalrakh, and Bestansur (which is on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List)[7][8]
Sites like Bakr Awa show that there was also occupation here during the Akkadian Empire period.
During the 3rd millennium BC, Shahrizor plain belonged to the kingdom of Lullubi.
During the Iron Age it was part of the Zamua kingdom, which stretched from Lake Urmia to the upper reaches of the Diyala River, roughly corresponding with the modern Sulaimania governorate (still called Zamua/Zamwa) in Iraqi Kurdistan. It was centered at Sharazur plain.[9] During the rule of the Neo-Assyrian king Assurnasirbal II, the region was rebellious, and had to be subdued.
Arabs associated Shahrizor with biblical legends associated with Saul and David suggesting that the region had a Jewish colony.[1]
Sharazor and its king Yazdan Kurd are mentioned in the Karnamag, a book of Persian mythology, of Ardashir I[10] and also in the inscription of Narseh alongside Garmian. During the Sassanid era the region of Sharazor was one of the 5 provinces of the satrapy of Medes, an ancient Iranian people.
In the 4th century, some of inhabitants of Sharazor who had converted to Christianity were persecuted by the Sassanids. Among the prominent examples of this persecution is the killing of Bishop Shahdost Shahrazori and 128 of his followers.
Sharazur was incorporated into Ardalan Principality from 11th century until the 16th[11] and was its first capital. Its relics are the historic site of Yassin tepe.[12] It formed afterwards part of Baban Principality.
In the Medieval era, the area was incorporated into the territories ruled by many dynasties, including Annazid, Aishanid and also Ayyubid, who were also of Kurdish origins. During the Ayyubid period the region, and the city of Erbil, were granted as a fief to the emir Gökböri by Saladin in 1190.[13]
Yaqut al-Hamawi describes the region of Sharazor as areas between Erbil to the west and Hamadan to the east including many cities, towns and villages. He mentions the inhabitants of the region as having been entirely Kurds, who were defended themselves from the Sultan and ruled their area.[14]
See also
[edit]- Al-Shahrazuri – 13th-century physician, historian and philosopher
- Khâlid-i Shahrazuri
- Sharazoor District
- Sulaymaniyah Governorate
References
[edit]- ^ a b Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P., eds. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Islam - New Edition (PDF). Vol. IX. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 218. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-04. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
- ^ E.J.W. Gibb memorial series, 1937, E. J. Brill, University of California
- ^ Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser, 1968, The Persian Empire: Studies in geography and ethnography of the ancient Near East, p. 18, ff. Steiner, University of Michigan, 392 pages
- ^ Islamic Desk Reference, by Emeri van Donzel, page: 408, ISBN 90-04-09738-4
- ^ Kitab Mu'jam Al Buldan by Yaqoot Hamawi, Book 3, p: 425–427
- ^ Shahrizor Survey Project. Leiden University
- ^ Kopanias, Kostas, John MacGinnis, and Jason Ur (eds.). 2015 "Archaeological Projects in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq." The Directorate of Antiquities of Kurdistan
- ^ "Bestansur Neolithic settlement". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
- ^ The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2, (1985) Cambridge University Press, p. 59. Direct link. Last retrieved 11.12.2013
- ^ The Kārnāmag-ī Ardaxšīr-ī Pābagān, Book of the Deeds of Ardashir son of Babag, Chapter VI
- ^ Kurdistan: Divided Nation of the Middle East - Page 10, by S. S. Gavan. Lawrence & Wishart, 1958
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge, pg. 521, by Walter Yust, 1951; and The Pageant of Persia: A Record of Travel by Motor in Persia, by James Rives Childs, p. 253, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1936.
- ^ * Ibn Khallikan (1843) Kitab wafayat ala'yan - Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, transl. by Guillaume, Baron Mac-Guckin de Slane, Volume 2, Paris.[1], p. 537
- ^ Kitab Mu'jam Al Buldan, by Yaqoot Hamawi, vol. 3, pp. 425−427
External links
[edit]- Kirkuk Journal
- Kirkuk City, part 1
- Kirkuk City, part 2 Archived 2009-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
