Signoria

A signoria (Italian: [siɲɲoˈriːa]) was the governing authority in many of the Italian city-states during the Medieval and Renaissance periods.^[1][2] The word signoria comes from signore (Italian: [siɲˈɲoːre]), or "lord", an abstract noun meaning (roughly) "government", "governing authority", de facto "sovereignty", "lordship"; pl.: signorie.^[2]

During the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a significant shift occurred in the governance of Italian cities. Whereas citizens had once chosen their own leaders, they began to entrust power to a single ruler. This new authority given often gotten out of the citizens control, as they could no longer depose the ruler if he failed to govern wisely.^[3] This transition had far-reaching consequences and was met with mixed reactions at the time. In The Divine Comedy, Dante frequently depicted Italy as a land ruled by despots and condemned the rise of lordship, associating it with humanity’s most destructive impulses such as pride, which drove some individuals to assert dominance over their fellow citizens.^[4][5] Others defended the emergence of these rulers, believing that only a strong leader could end the internal strife that had long plagued their cities and restore stability.^[6]

Contemporary observers and modern historians see the rise of the signoria as a reaction to the failure of the comuni to maintain law-and-order and suppress party strife and civil discord. In the anarchic conditions that often prevailed in medieval Italian city-states, people looked to strong men to restore order and disarm the feuding elites.^[2]

In times of anarchy or crisis, cities sometimes offered the signoria to individuals perceived as strong enough to save the state. For example, the Tuscan state of Pisa offered the signoria to Charles VIII of France in the hope that he would protect the independence of Pisa from its long term enemy Florence. Similarly, Siena offered the signoria to Cesare Borgia.

By the beginning of the 14th century, a number of cities in northern Italy were ruled by signori: Milan by the Visconti family, Ferrara by the Este, Verona by the Della Scala, Padua by the Carrara. The earliest signori in Tuscany were the condottieri (mercenaries) Uguccione della Faggiuola at Pisa and Lucca (1313–16), and Castruccio Castracani, also at Lucca (1320–28).^[7][3]

Initially, some cities dismantled lordships once conflicts subsided. However, when a ruler maintained power across multiple wars, the likelihood of their continued rule increased. The hereditary transmission of power, as seen in 1264 when Azzo d'Este passed his position to his nephew Obizzo, contributed to the normalization of one-man rule. This precedent encouraged similar developments in other cities, solidifying the institutionalization of lordship in northern and central Italy.^[3]

In areas that were not under the rule of a prince, the name Signoria often refers to the ruling body of magistrates.^[7] In Florence, those who made up the signoria were often members of the most distinguished families.^[8]

City	Family	Period	Allegiance	Notes
Monaco	Grimaldi	1287–1612	Guelph	Gained independence from Genoa in 1287. Titled Princes of Monaco since 1612.
Milan	Della Torre	1259–1277	Guelph	Deposed by Ghibelline party, led by Visconti.
	Visconti	1277–1302	Ghibelline	Took over Milan after Battle of Desio in 1277. Deposed by Della Torre in 1302.
	Della Torre	1302–1311	Guelph	Deposed and exiled by Emperor Henry VII.
	Visconti	1311–1395	Ghibelline	Re-enthroned by Henry VII in 1311. Titled Dukes of Milan from 1395.
Mantua	Bonacolsi	1272–1328	Variable	Overthrown in a revolt backed by Gonzaga in 1328.
	Gonzaga	1328–1433	Ghibelline	Titled Margraves of Mantua from 1433.
Verona	Della Scala	1282–1387	Ghibelline	Overthrown by a Visconti-backed revolt in 1387.
Treviso	Da Camino	1283–1312	Guelph	Overthrown in a conspiracy in 1312.
Padua	Da Carrara	1318–1405	Guelph	Overthrown by the Republic of Venice in 1405.
Ferrara	Este	1209–1471	Guelph	Titled Dukes of Ferrara from 1471.
Modena		1336–1471		Titled Dukes of Modena and Reggio from 1471.
	Pio	1336–1599	Unclear	Titled Lords of Carpi (1336-1527) and Sassuolo (1499-1599)[9]
Bologna	Pepoli	1337–1350	Guelph	Overthrown by Visconti army in 1350.
	Bentivoglio	1401–1506	Ghibelline	Overthrown by Pope Julius II in 1506.
Ravenna	Da Polenta	1275–1441	Guelph	Overthrown and exiled by the Republic of Venice in 1441.
Forlì	Ordelaffi	1295–1359 (Interregnum) 1376–1480	Ghibelline	Declined due to conflicts inside city. Peacefully deposed in 1480.
	Riario	1480–1499	Guelph	De facto a satellite of Milan from 1488, under regent Caterina Sforza. Overthrown by Cesare Borgia in 1499.
	Borgia	1499–1503	Guelph	Ruled over all Romagna, with Cesare as Duke of Romagna.
	Ordelaffi	1503–1504	Ghibelline	Line extinct in 1504.
Pesaro	Malatesta	1285–1445	Guelph	Overthrown in a coup led by the Sforza in 1445.
Rimini		1295–1500		Overthrown by Cesare Borgia in 1500.
Cesena		1378–1465		Line extinct in 1465.
Urbino	Da Montefeltro	1213–1234	Ghibelline	Titled Counts of Urbino (the Dukes) from 1234.
Lucca	Quartigiani	1308–1316	Guelph	Overthrown in a coup led by the Antelminelli in 1316.
	Antelminelli	1316–1328	Ghibelline	Overthrown by Guelph party in 1328.
	Guinigi	1400–1430	Guelph	Deposed by the restoration of the Republic in 1430.
Florence	Medici	1434–1494 (Interregnum) 1512–1527 (Interregnum) 1530–1532	Guelph	Titled Dukes of Florence from 1532.
Pisa	Della Gherardesca	1316–1347	Ghibelline	Deposed and replaced by the Gambacorta family in 1347.
	Gambacorta	1347–1392	Guelph	Overthrown by a conspiracy in 1392.
	Appiano	1392–1399	Unclear	Overthrown by the Visconti in 1399.
	Visconti	1399–1406	Ghibelline	Overthrown by the Republic of Florence in 1406.
Siena	Petrucci	1487–1525	Ghibelline	Peacefully deposed by republican institutions in 1525.

• Seignory
• Signoria of Florence
• Signoria of Venice
• Forni della Signoria