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The Big Short (film)

The Big Short
Theatrical release poster
Directed byAdam McKay
Screenplay by
Based onThe Big Short
by Michael Lewis
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyBarry Ackroyd
Edited byHank Corwin
Music byNicholas Britell
Production
companies
Distributed byParamount Pictures
Release dates
  • November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12) (AFI Fest)
  • December 11, 2015 (2015-12-11) (United States)
Running time
130 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$50 million[2]
Box office$133.4 million[3]

The Big Short is a 2015 American biographical comedy-drama film directed by Adam McKay and co-written by McKay and Charles Randolph. The film is based on the 2010 book The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine by Michael Lewis, and shows how the 2007–2008 financial crisis was triggered by the United States housing bubble.[4] The film stars Christian Bale, Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling, and Brad Pitt, with John Magaro, Finn Wittrock, Hamish Linklater, Rafe Spall, Jeremy Strong, and Marisa Tomei in supporting roles.

To explain financial instruments, the film features cameo appearances by actress Margot Robbie, chef Anthony Bourdain, singer-songwriter Selena Gomez, economist Richard Thaler, and others who break the fourth wall to explain concepts such as subprime mortgages and synthetic collateralized debt obligations.[5] Several of the film's characters directly address the audience, most frequently Gosling, who serves as the narrator.

The Big Short began a limited release in the United States on December 11, 2015, followed by a wide release on December 23 by Paramount Pictures.[6][7] A critical and commercial success, the film grossed $133 million on a $50 million budget and received acclaim for the performances of the cast (particularly that of Bale), McKay's direction, editing, and the screenplay. The film won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in addition to nominations for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actor (Bale), and Best Film Editing.

Synopsis

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The film consists of three separate but concurrent stories, loosely connected by their actions in the years leading up to the 2007 housing market crash.

Scion Capital

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In 2005, eccentric hedge fund manager Michael Burry discovers that the United States housing market, based on high-risk subprime loans, is extremely unstable. Anticipating the market's collapse in the second quarter of 2007, as interest rates would rise from adjustable-rate mortgages, he proposes to create a credit default swap market, allowing him to bet against, or short, market-based mortgage-backed securities, for profit.

His long-term bet, exceeding $1 billion, is accepted by major investment and commercial banks but requires paying substantial monthly premiums. This sparks his main client, Lawrence Fields, to accuse him of "wasting" capital while many clients demand that he reverse and sell, but Burry refuses. Under pressure, he eventually restricts withdrawals, angering investors, and Fields sues Burry. Eventually, the market collapses and his fund's value increases by 489% with an overall profit (even allowing for the massive premiums) of over $2.69 billion, with Fields alone receiving $489 million.

FrontPoint Partners

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Jared Vennett (based on Greg Lippmann),[8] the executive in charge of global asset-backed securities trading at Deutsche Bank,[9] is one of the first bankers to understand Burry's analysis, learning from one of the bankers who sold Burry an early credit default swap. Using his quant to verify that Burry is most likely correct, he decides to enter the market and purchase credit default swaps himself. However, his large monthly premiums result in him looking to reduce the size of his position by selling credit default swaps. A misplaced phone call alerts FrontPoint Partners hedge fund manager Mark Baum (based on Steve Eisman), who is motivated to buy swaps from Vennett due to his low regard for banks' ethics and business models. Vennett explains that the packaging of subprime loans into collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) rated AAA will guarantee their eventual collapse.

Conducting a field investigation in South Florida, the FrontPoint team discovers that mortgage brokers are profiting by selling their mortgage deals to Wall Street banks, which pay higher margins for the riskier mortgages, creating the bubble. This knowledge prompts the FrontPoint team to buy swaps from Vennett.

In early 2007, as these loans begin to default, CDO prices somehow rise and ratings agencies refuse to downgrade the bond ratings. Baum discovers conflicts of interest and dishonesty amongst the credit rating agencies from an acquaintance at Standard & Poor's. Vennett invites the team to the American Securitization Forum in Las Vegas, where Baum learns from a CDO manager that the market for insuring mortgage bonds, including "synthetic CDOs" which are bets in favor of the faulty mortgage bonds, is significantly larger than the market for the mortgage loans themselves, leading a horrified Baum to realize the entire world economy is set to collapse.

As the subprime bonds continue to fall, Baum learns that Morgan Stanley, under whose umbrella FrontPoint operates, had also taken short positions against mortgage derivatives. However, in order to offset the risk and the monthly premiums, it had sold short positions in higher-rated mortgage derivatives. Now that these are also collapsing in value, Morgan Stanley is facing severe liquidity problems. Despite pressure from his staff to sell their position before Morgan Stanley collapses, Baum refuses to sell until the economy is on the verge of collapsing, making over $1 billion in their swaps. Even so, Baum laments that the banks, as well as the government, will not admit what caused the economy to collapse, but will instead blame "immigrants and poor people."

Brownfield Fund

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Young investors Charlie Geller and Jamie Shipley run a small firm called Brownfield Fund (based on the firm Cornwall Capital). They accidentally discover a marketing presentation by Vennett on a coffee table in the lobby of a large investment bank (the characters address the audience stating that in reality they had heard about Vennett's plan through word-of-mouth from friends and publications), convincing them to invest in swaps, as it fits their strategy of buying cheap insurance with big potential payouts. Below the capital threshold for an ISDA Master Agreement required to enter into trades like Burry's and Baum's, they enlist the aid of Ben Rickert, a retired securities trader who was based in Singapore.

When the bond values and CDOs rise despite defaults, Geller suspects the banks of committing fraud. The trio also visit the American Securitization Forum, where they learn that the SEC has no regulations to monitor mortgage-backed security activity. They successfully make even more profit than Burry and Baum by shorting the higher-rated AA mortgage securities, as they were considered highly stable and carried a much higher payout ratio.

Later, as home mortgage defaults increase, the price of the CDOs (the insurance against) does not rise nor does the price of the underlying mortgage bonds drop, and they realize the banks and the ratings agencies are secretly freezing the price of their CDOs in order to sell and short them before the inevitable crash. Outraged at the bank's cheating, Geller and Shipley try to tip off the press about the upcoming disaster and the rampant fraud, but a writer from The Wall Street Journal declines to report the story in the interest of preserving his relationships with Wall Street investment banks. As the market starts collapsing, Ben, on vacation in England, sells their swaps. Ultimately, they turn their $30 million investment into $80 million, but their faith in the system is broken when Ben tells them of the severe consequences for the general public.

Epilogue

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Jared Vennett receives a bonus of $47 million for profits made on his credit default swaps. Mark Baum becomes more gracious from the financial fallout, and his staff continue to operate their fund. Charlie Geller and Jamie Shipley go their separate ways after unsuccessfully trying to sue the ratings agencies, with Jamie still running the fund and Charlie moving to Charlotte to start a family. Ben Rickert returns to his peaceful retirement. Michael Burry closes his fund after public backlash and multiple IRS audits, now investing only in water securities.

The personnel of the banks responsible for the crisis escape any consequences for their actions, with the single exception of one trader, Kareem Serageldin. It is noted that as of 2015, banks are selling CDOs again under a new label: "Bespoke Tranche Opportunity".

Cast

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Christian Bale, Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling and Brad Pitt portray four of the film's central characters.

Tracy Letts appears as Lawrence Fields, an investor in Burry's hedge fund, a fictional composite of Joel Greenblatt and others who had invested with Burry but came to disagree with his strategy. Byron Mann appeared as Wing Chau, a CDO manager whom Baum interviews in Las Vegas, and Melissa Leo as Georgia Hale, an employee of Standard and Poor's based on Ernestine Warner, who admits to giving inaccurate ratings for bonds. Adepero Oduye portrays Kathy Tao, an employee of Morgan Stanley, who oversees Baum's fund.

In minor roles, Karen Gillan appears as Evie, an employee of the SEC and Jamie's brother's ex-girlfriend, whom he meets with in Las Vegas. Max Greenfield and Billy Magnussen appear as mortgage brokers taking advantage of people looking for homes. Jae Suh Park features as Burry's wife, and Margot Robbie, Anthony Bourdain, Richard Thaler and Selena Gomez make cameo appearances as themselves in non-sequiturs to explain different financial aspects of the film. The real Michael Burry made a cameo in the film as a Scion employee. At the beginning of the scene in which the fictional Burry's investors confront him at his office, he is briefly shown standing near the front door, talking on the phone.[10][better source needed]

Production

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Development

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In 2013, Paramount acquired the rights to the 2010 non-fiction book The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine by Michael Lewis, to develop it into a film, which Brad Pitt's Plan B Entertainment would produce.[11] On March 24, 2014, Adam McKay was hired to write and direct a film about the housing and economic bubble.[4] Screenwriter Charles Randolph, who co-wrote the film with McKay, said one of the first challenges was finding the right tone for the film. He told Creative Screenwriting, "In general it was trying to find the right tone that was slightly funnier than your average Miloš Forman comedy, which is all grounded character-based but not so satirical where you got Wag the Dog. Somewhere between there was what I was shooting for. Once I got the tone down, then I went through the plot. The market's movements provided you with an underlying plot. You make your short deal, then the bank is trying to squeeze you out, and then it all breaks loose. So that was pretty easy, and it provided character arcs against that."[12] Two years after Randolph wrote his draft, McKay, as director, rewrote Randolph's screenplay. It was McKay's idea to include the celebrity cameos in the film to explain the financial concepts.[12]

Casting

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On January 13, 2015, Variety reported that Brad Pitt, Christian Bale, and Ryan Gosling were set to star in the film, with Pitt producing the film along with Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner. Plan B Entertainment would produce, with Paramount handling the distribution rights.[13] Before this, Pitt had already starred in the adaptation of the author's Moneyball, for which he was nominated for an Oscar.[4][13] On January 14, it was announced that Steve Carell would also star.[8] On April 21, 2015, more cast was revealed by Deadline, including Melissa Leo, Marisa Tomei, Tracy Letts, Hamish Linklater, John Magaro, Byron Mann, Rafe Spall, Jeremy Strong, and Finn Wittrock.[14] Charles Randolph wrote the initial draft.[14] Max Greenfield joined the ensemble cast of the film on April 23, 2015.[15] Karen Gillan tweeted about her involvement in the film on May 8, 2015.[16] Jeffry Griffin, who plays Vennett's assistant Chris, was originally only planned to appear as an extra, and was cast to a speaking role after a production assistant picked him out of a crowd.[17][18]

Filming

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Principal photography on the film began on March 18, 2015, in New Orleans, Louisiana.[19][20] On March 25, filming was taking place on General de Gaulle Boulevard in the Algiers section of New Orleans.[21] On May 8, Gillan confirmed she was shooting her scenes.[16] On May 20, 2015, filming took place on a short stretch of Mercer Street, between Prince Street and Spring Street, in Manhattan, New York City.[22] On May 22, the production crew recreated the offices of failed investment firm Lehman Brothers in the lobby of the New York State Department of Financial Services in Manhattan.[23] An assistant counsel for the Department of Financial Services played one of the extras in the scene.[23]

Release

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On September 22, 2015, Paramount set the film for a limited release on December 11, 2015, and a wide release on December 23, 2015.[24] The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 15, 2016.[25]

Reception

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Box office

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The Big Short grossed $70.3 million in the United States and Canada and $63.2 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $133.4 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[3]

The film was released in eight theaters in Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco and Chicago on December 11, 2015, and earned $705,527 (an average of $88,191 per theater). It set the record for the best ever per-screen gross for a film opening in eight locations, breaking the previous record held by Memoirs of a Geisha ($85,313 per theater),[26] and was the third biggest theater average of 2015 behind the four screen debuts of Steve Jobs ($130,000) and The Revenant ($118,640).[27]

The film had its wide release on December 23, 2015 and grossed $2.3 million on its first day. In its opening weekend it grossed $10.5 million, finishing 6th at the box office.[28]

Critical response

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Christian Bale received widespread critical acclaim for his performance as Michael Burry, earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, The Big Short has an approval rating of 89% based on 331 reviews, with an average rating of 7.80/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Big Short approaches a serious, complicated subject with an impressive attention to detail – and manages to deliver a well-acted, scathingly funny indictment of its real-life villains in the bargain."[29] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 81 out of 100 based on 45 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[30] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[28]

IGN gave the film a score of 8.6/10, praising its "energetic direction" and making "a complicated tale palpable for the layperson even as it triggers outrage at the fatcats who helped cause it".[31]

The New York Times' "UpShot" series stated The Big Short offered the "strongest film explanation of the global financial crisis". The series also stated that it "wouldn't necessarily have been able to cash in as successfully as the characters in The Big Short. The success of this film is due to the work of the actors who played the characters.”[32]

Historical accuracy

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David McCandless's visual blog Information is Beautiful deduced that, while taking creative licence into account, the film was 91.4% accurate when compared to real-life events, calling it a "shockingly truthful film" with "very little dramatization or fakery."[33]

Movie critics with backgrounds in finance also commented on the film. Many agreed with the public that The Big Short was entertaining and engaging, but also terrifying. Glenn Kenny reported that the film accurately got the message across that even though the lives of the characters were not interconnected, their stories were.[34]

While the general plot of the film is the same as the book, many of the character names have been changed. For example, Steve Eisman has become "Mark Baum" and Greg Lippmann has become "Jared Vennett". Some biographical information has also been slightly modified.[35]

Eisman has said that he respects Carell's portrayal but that it was not 100 percent true to his real character. Speaking to The Globe and Mail, Eisman said, "Eliminate my sense of humor and make me angry all the time, and that's [Carell's] portrayal. It's accurate enough, but it's not really me."[36]

The film, along with The Wolf of Wall Street, had a brief resurgence in the wake of the January 2021 GameStop short squeeze as the events shown in the films provided reference points for what was happening with the GameStop and related stocks.[37]

Accolades

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Main article: List of accolades received by The Big Short (film)

Adam McKay and Charles Randolph won the Academy Award,[38] BAFTA Award,[39] and Writers Guild of America Award[40] for Best Adapted Screenplay. They also won an Empire Award for the Best Screenplay.[41] Christian Bale won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor in a Comedy[42] and the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor (Motion Picture).[43] Hank Corwin won the American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film (Comedy or Musical)[44] and Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Editing.[45]

The film earned the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Comedy[42] and was named one of the Top 10 Films of the Year at the American Film Institute Awards 2015.[46] Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner, and Brad Pitt won the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture.[47] The cast also won the National Board of Review Award for Best Ensemble.[48]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Big Short (15)". British Board of Film Classification. November 9, 2015. Archived from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  2. ^ FilmL.A. (June 15, 2016). "2015 Feature Film Study". Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
  3. ^ a b "The Big Short (2015) - Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  4. ^ a b c "Paramount Taps 'Anchorman' Helmer Adam McKay To Adapt And Direct Michael Lewis' 'The Big Short' About Economic Meltdown". Deadline Hollywood. March 24, 2014. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  5. ^ Finely, Dash (December 16, 2015). "The Big Secrets Of The Big Short: How Unexpected Cameos Impact The Year's Must-See Film". MoviePilot.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  6. ^ "Paramount pushes 'The Big Short' into awards season". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. September 25, 2015. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  7. ^ "The Big Short | Trailer & Movie Site | December 2015". The Big Short. Archived from the original on December 30, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
  8. ^ a b Kit, Borys (January 14, 2015). "Steve Carell in Talks to Join Christian Bale, Ryan Gosling in 'The Big Short'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
  9. ^ "Lippmann, Deutsche Trader, Steps Down, NYTimes Dealbook 21 April 2010". April 21, 2010. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  10. ^ "IMDB". IMDB. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  11. ^ McNary, Dave (March 24, 2014). "'Anchorman's' Adam McKay Boards Financial Drama". Variety. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  12. ^ a b Hogan, Brianne (January 20, 2016). "Banking on The Big Short". Creative Screenwriting. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  13. ^ a b Kroll, Justin (January 13, 2015). "Brad Pitt, Christian Bale and Ryan Gosling to Star in Financial Drama 'The Big Short' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
  14. ^ a b Fleming, Mike Jr. (April 21, 2015). "'The Big Short' Solidifies With Christian Bale, Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling, Brad Pitt". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  15. ^ "Max Greenfield Joins Brad Pitt, Ryan Gosling in 'The Big Short' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. April 23, 2015. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  16. ^ a b @karengillan (May 8, 2015). "Just had an amazingly fun day shooting on The Big Short film!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015 – via Twitter.
  17. ^ Riley, Jenelle (December 31, 2015). "'Big Short' Actor Jeffry Griffin Went From Extra to Sharing Scenes With Ryan Gosling". Variety.
  18. ^ Lindsay, Benjamin (January 4, 2016). "How a 'Big Short' Extra Became Ryan Gosling's Right-Hand Man". Backstage.com. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  19. ^ "Brad Pitt, Ryan Gosling, & Christian Bale are headed to Orleans for 'The Big Short'". onlocationvacations.com. February 10, 2015. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  20. ^ "'The Big Short', starring Brad Pitt, Ryan Gosling, & Christian Bale, begins filming in New Orleans". onlocationvacations.com. March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  21. ^ "'The Big Short', starring Brad Pitt Ryan Gosling & Christian Bale, filming in Algiers, LA today". onlocationvacations.com. March 25, 2015. Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  22. ^ "'The Big Short', starring Brad Pitt and Ryan Gosling, is filming in NYC this week!". onlocationvacations.com. May 16, 2015. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  23. ^ a b Matthews, Christopher M. (May 22, 2015). "'Big Short' Recreates Lehman Bros. Offices in Regulator's Building". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  24. ^ "The Big Short Website". Paramount Pictures. Archived from the original on December 30, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  25. ^ "The Big Short DVD Release Date March 15, 2016". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  26. ^ McClintock, Pamela (December 13, 2015). "Box Office: Ron Howard's 'Heart of the Sea' Capsizes With $11M U.S. Debut". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  27. ^ Mendelson, Scott (December 13, 2015). "Box Office: 'In The Heart Of The Sea' Is A Whale Of A Fail, 'Big Short' Strikes It Rich". Forbes. Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  28. ^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony; Busch, Anita (December 28, 2015). "'Daddy', 'Joy' & 'Hateful Eight' Reap Fortune As 'Star Wars' Halo Effect Impacts B.O…Can 'Force Awakens' Hit $1 Billion In U.S.?". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  29. ^ "The Big Short (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  30. ^ "The Big Short Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  31. ^ "The Big Short Review – IGN". IGN. December 8, 2015. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
  32. ^ Irwin, Neil (December 23, 2015). "What 'The Big Short' Gets Right, and Wrong, About the Housing Bubble". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  33. ^ "Based on a True True Story? Scene-by-scene Breakdown of Hollywood Films". Information Is Beautiful. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  34. ^ Kenny, Glenn (December 20, 2015). "The Big Short Movie Review & Film Summary (2015)". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  35. ^ Saporito, Jeff (February 24, 2016). "Which characters in "The Big Short" are based on real people". ScreenPrism. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  36. ^ "Invest like a legend: Steve Eisman". The Globe and Mail. January 29, 2016. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  37. ^ Watercutter, Angela (January 29, 2021). "GameStop Makes This a Good Time to Rewatch The Big Short". Wired. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  38. ^ "Oscars 2016: Winners list in full". BBC News. February 28, 2016. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  39. ^ "BAFTA Film Awards 2016: Winners". BBC News. February 14, 2016. Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  40. ^ "Previous Nominees & Winners: 2016 Nominees & Winners". The Writers Guild Awards. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  41. ^ Nugent, John. "Jameson Empire Awards 2016: Star Wars and Mad Max lead the nominations". Empire. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  42. ^ a b Rosen, Christopher (January 17, 2016). "Critics' Choice Awards 2016 winners: Spotlight, Mad Max, Leonardo DiCaprio, and more". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  43. ^ "2015". Satellite Awards. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  44. ^ Adam Chitwood (January 4, 2016). "Mad Max: Fury Road, Star Wars, The Big Short Land ACE Eddie Editing Nominations". Collider. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  45. ^ "Spotlight wins top prize from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association". Entertainment Weekly. December 6, 2015. Archived from the original on December 7, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  46. ^ Hammond, Pete; Andreeva, Nellie (December 16, 2015). "AFI Awards: Disney & Majors Dominate Film; Rookies Shine On TV Side". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  47. ^ "Nominees Announced For Theatrical Motion Picture, Animated Motion Picture, And Long–Form TV". Producers Guild of America. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  48. ^ Lewis, Hilary (December 1, 2015). "'Mad Max: Fury Road' Named Best Film by National Board of Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
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