Denver
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Denver, Colorado, United States, from its founding in 1858 to the present.
1800s
[edit]1857 to 1879
[edit]- 1857
- Summer: Mexican gold miners create small settlement at about present day Alameda Avenue on the South Platte River in what is now Denver.[1]
- 1858
- September 24: A group of squatters draw up an agreement to found the St. Charles Town Association in what is now downtown Denver.[2]
- November 1: The settlement of Auraria, Kansas Territory founded in the low ground near the confluence of the Platte and Cherry Creek.[3]
- November 22: Denver City founded east of Cherry Creek as a rival to Auraria, displacing the St. Charles Association.[4][2]
- 1859
- The first burial ground, the Mount Prospect Cemetery (later called the Old Denver City Cemetery) was established.[5]
- John C. Moore becomes mayor.[6]
- April 23: Rocky Mountain News begins publication.[7]
- May 7: First stagecoaches of the Leavenworth and Pike's Peak Stage Company arrive in Denver.[8]
- October 3: The first school, a private institution founded by O.J. Goldrick, opens for classes in Auraria on 12th Street between Market and Larimer Streets.[9]
- 1860
Illustration of Denver in 1860 - Population of the City: 4,749[10]
- Construction of the first canal called, the "Big Ditch", to deliver water to the city begun by the Capitol Hydraulic Company.[11]
- January – Denver Police Department established by Mayor Moore, replacing Denver Marshals.[12]
- April 6: Moonlight ceremony on Larimer Street bridge over Cherry Creek unites Auraria with Denver City.[1]
- May 18: Barney Ford, who later became an important civil rights activist, arrives in Denver for the first time.[13]
- July – Clark, Gruber & Co. a privately owned gold brokerage and mint, produces the first coins in Colorado.[14]
- September – "People's Government" formed in the Apollo Hall Saloon in Larimer Square.[15]
- October 6: James Gordon executed by hanging for the drunken murder of German immigrant Jacob Gantz by order of the "People's Court" and Alexander Cameron Hunt presiding as judge.[16]
- 1861
- Denver City becomes part of Colorado Territory.
- November 19: "People's Government" of Denver replaced by the territorial government.[17]
- 1863
- 1864
Flood on Cherry Creek 19 May 1864 - St. Mary's Academy founded by the Sisters of Loretto.[21]
- University of Denver founded as the Colorado Seminary by the Methodist Episcopal Church.[22]
- May 19: Cherry Creek floods destroying city records.[23][24]
- 1867
- Colorado Tribune newspaper begins publication.[25]
- Platte Water Company finishes the "Big Ditch" to provide Denver with water, terminating in Smith Lake in what is today Washington Park.[11]
- December – Legislature of Colorado Territory votes to relocate to Denver City from Golden City.[26]
- 1868
- Schools in Denver segregated due to the demands of parents, a separate school for black students being founded at 16th and Market Streets.[27]
- May 18: Public holiday declared to celebrate the start of construction on the Denver Pacific Railroad to connect with the Union Pacific Railroad in Cheyenne, Wyoming.[28]
- 1870
- Population of the City: 4,759[10]
- June 22: Denver Pacific Railroad completed to Cheyenne, Wyoming.[29]
- August 15: Kansas Pacific Railway completed near modern day Strasburg, Colorado, giving Denver its second railroad connection.[29]
- November: Denver City Water Company formed.[30]
- 1871
Horse tram to Cook's Addition in 1891 - December 17: Denver Horse Railroad the first rail transit service begins operating, changing its name in the next year to the Denver City Railway Co.[31]
- 1873 – Palace Theater, a gambling and entertainment establishment, opened by Ed Chase.[32]
- 1875 – East High School opens as part of the Arapahoe School.[33]
- 1876
- Riverside Cemetery established.[34]
- August 1: Denver becomes part of new State of Colorado.
- 1878
Evans Chapel c. 1880–1890 - Central Presbyterian Church completed.[22]
- Historic Evans Memorial Chapel built by with funding from former territorial governor John Evans.[35]
- 1879
- Typhoid fever outbreak sickens more than 600 residents and kills at least 40. First of six significant outbreaks that occur through 1896 due to contaminated water.[36]
- February 24: first telephone exchange in city opens, one of the first 25 in the world.[37]
- July 11: State Historical and Natural History Society of Colorado, later History Colorado headquartered in Denver.[38]
- September 1: Delivery of mail to addresses starts in Denver with six mail carriers.[39]
_(14572739438).jpg)
1880 to 1899
[edit]- 1880
The Denver Club in 1890 - 1881
Tabor Grand Opera House, c. 1888 - April 13: Denver Fortnightly Club, one of Denver's first women's clubs has its first meeting.[42]
- June 1: Union Station opens.[43]
- September 5: Opening of the Tabor Grand Opera House by a production of Maritana.[44]
- 1882
- High Line Canal opens to provide water to agricultural areas south of Denver.[45]
- February 18: Purchase of land for City Park approved by Denver City Council.[46]
- December – Colorado Scientific Society founded in Denver, not incorporated until January 1885.[38]
- 1883
- First St. Patrick's Day parade organized by Father Joseph P. Carrigan.[47]
- Second City Hall completed.[48]
- Arapahoe County Courthouse completed on 16th and Tremont Streets. It served until 1902 when Denver was separated from the county.[49]
- 1884
- Denver Athletic Club founded.[50]
- July – Denver Press Club organized.[51]
- 1885
- November – Mercantile Library, a predecessor of the Public Library, opened by the Denver Chamber of Commerce.[52]
- 1886
- The Holden Smelter, which later became the ASARCO Globe Plant begins operating.[53]
- Construction begins on the Colorado State Capitol building.[54]
- Denver Union Stockyards Company moves to location on the South Platte River bounded by 46th Avenue and 52nd Avenue to the north.[55]
- "Ugly law" effected, prohibiting those deemed unsightly (generally the impoverished) from public spaces.[56]
- July 31: Denver Tramway operates first passenger car on 15th Street.[57]
- 1887
- College of the Sacred Heart (later renamed Regis University) relocates to Denver.[58]
- February 28: Congress votes to establish an army base near Denver, later named Fort Logan, due to the petitioning of the citizens of the city.[59]
- 1889
- Construction of the Boston Building, Denver's first modern office building begins.[60]
- Denver Athletic Club's historic clubhouse is built.[61]
- July 30: Soapy Smith assaults and injures Rocky Mountain News editor John Arkins. The News declares a crusade to rid Denver of the bad man, which took a decade to complete.[62]
- November: Permission granted to Citizens' Water Company to go into competition with the established Denver Water Company to build a system to provide water to the city.[63]
- 1890
Poster for Elitch Gardens - Population of the City: 106,713
26th most populous US city.[40] - Mount Prospect, the Denver City Cemetery, closed to further burials.[64]
- April 8: Construction of the Masonic Temple begins at 16th and Welton Streets.[65]
- May 1: Elitch Gardens amusement venue opens.[66]
- Population of the City: 106,713
- 1891
- Central Presbyterian Church built.
- Oxford Hotel, Denver's oldest still existing hotel, built.[67]
- May 1: Town of Colfax incorporates in what is now the Sun Valley neighborhood.[68]
- 1892
- The Denver Post newspaper begins publication as the Evening Post.[25]
- January: The competing town of Brooklyn incorporated an area inside the town of Colfax setting up a six month fight that was ultimately won by the town of Colfax.[68]
- August 12: Brown Palace Hotel opens.[69]
- 1893
- Denver's oldest continuously operating restaurant, the Buckhorn Exchange opens under the name "The Rio Grande Exchange".[70]
- Denver government orders all bodies to be removed from the old City Cemetery.[71]
- Denver Artist Club, which later became the Denver Art Museum founded.[72]
- June – Silver prices fall from $1.05 per ounce to 83¢ per ounce, starting the Denver Depression.[73]
- July
- 1894
Colorado State Capitol c. 1901-1902 - Citizens' Water Company purchases and merges with rival taking the new name, the Denver Union Water Company.[74]
- February 7: South Denver annexed by the city.[75]
- Colorado State Capitol building complete, Governor Davis Hanson Waite moves his office to the building.[54]
- March 15: Governor Waite orders state militiamen to march on Denver City Hall to remove the Police and Fire Commissioners in what became known as the City Hall War.[76]
- 1895
- October 22–24 First annual Festival of Mountain and Plain.[77]
- 1896 – Denver Zoo founded because of the gift of an orphan bear to Mayor Thomas S. McMurray.[78]
- 1898
- Denver Public Library established.[79]
- February 1: Around 10,000 people attempt to attend the funeral of the Congregationalist minister and social reformer Myron W. Reed.[80]
- 1899
- Washington Park began development, the first phase lasting to 1908.[81]
- National Jewish Health opens.
- Spring: Construction of Cheesman Dam begins.[82]
1900s
[edit]_6_(16430290853).jpg)
1900 to 1919
[edit]- 1900
- Population of the City: 133,859
25th most populous US city.[40] - May 3: Spring flood overtops the still under construction Cheesman Dam, flooding low lying areas of Littleton at about 1:00 in the afternoon and sweeping away all but the foundations of the dam.[83]
- December 6: Denver Museum of Nature and Science incorporated as the Colorado Natural History Museum.[84]
- Population of the City: 133,859
- 1902
- Voters approve Article XX of the Colorado State Constitution, popularly known as the Rush Amendment, granting home rule for the Government of Denver.[85]
- Grant–Humphreys Mansion built.[86]
- June 21: USS Denver (CL-16), named in honor of the city, launched in Philadelphia.[87]
- 1903
- 1904
- May – Robert W. Speer elected mayor for the first time.[89] Judge and reformer Ben B. Lindsey later alleged there were 10,000 illegal votes cast in the election.[90]
- 1905
- May 9: Water reaches the spillway of the Cheesman Dam. Constructed by the Denver Union Water Company, on the South Platte River, it is the city's first mountain water reservoir and the tallest in the world at the time of completion.[91]
- Mayor Speer starts tree planting program.[92]
- 1906
- Municipal code adopted.
- U.S. Denver Mint begins minting coins.[93]
- January 29: First National Western Stock Show begins.[94]
- 1908
Colorado Museum of Natural History, 1908 - Municipal Auditorium opens.[95]
- A year after the death of Walter Cheesman construction is complete on his mansion, which will later become the Colorado Governor's Mansion.[96]
- The dome of the state capitol gilded with gold for the first time by state mining industry.[97]
- July
- 1: Colorado Natural History Museum opens to public, later renamed Denver Museum of Nature and Science.[98]
- 7–10: 1908 Democratic National Convention held in Denver Auditorium Arena.[99]
- 23: Denver and Interurban Railroad from Denver to Boulder begins operation.[100]
- 1910
- Population of the City & County: 213,381
27th most populous US city.[40] - Construction of the Cheesman memorial in what would become Cheesman Park begins.[101]
The Cheesman Memorial c. 1909 - Denver Gas & Electric Building, a building studded with then modern electric bulbs, completed.[102]
- Dumb Friends League established.[103]
- August 11: Children's Hospital Colorado opens.[104]
- Population of the City & County: 213,381
- 1911
- Daniels & Fisher Tower completed.[105]
- The city enacts gun control law making the carrying of concealed guns a felony offence.[106]
- Charles Gates Sr. purchases Colorado Tire and Leather Company, the business that will eventually become the Gates Corporation.[107]
- July 17: Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Company formed in merger of Colorado Telephone, Tri-State Telephone, and Rocky Mountain Bell Telephone.[108]
- 1912
- January: E.W. Merritt leads fundraising campaign to raise the money to save land in what will become Genesee Park from being logged.[109]
- May 21: Voters enact a property tax to acquire lands and build amenities for the Denver Mountain Parks.[110]
- October 21: The inaugural Mass of the Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is held.[111]
- 1913
- August 27: Official opening of the first two Denver Mountain Parks, Genesee Park and Lookout Mountain Park. Though officially the land in Genesee Park is purchased the next month.[109]
- 1915
- February 26: First issue of the Intermountain Jewish News, under the name Denver Jewish News.[112]
- September 4: Colorado National Bank opens its new building at 17th and Champa Streets.[113]
- 1916
- Opportunity School, later the Emily Griffith Technical College, founded by Emily Griffith.[114]
- 1918
- January 18: Federal Reserve Bank branch opens.[115]
- August 6: A vote of the people forms the public utility, Denver Water, by purchasing the Denver Water Company.[116]
1920 to 1939
[edit]- 1920
Photograph of crowd during the Denver streetcar strike - Population of the City & County: 256,491
25th most populous US city.[40] - Fitzsimmons Army Hospital built.[117]
- August: Streetcar strike kills seven, ending with federal soldiers placing the city under martial law.[118]
- Population of the City & County: 256,491
- 1922
- Denver Art Museum opens in donated Chappell House at 13th Avenue and Logan Street.[119]
- December 18: Denver Mint Robbery.[120]
- 1923
- Benjamin F. Stapleton becomes mayor with the backing of the Ku Klux Klan.[121]
- Russell Stover Candies started as Mrs. Stover's Bungalow Candies in the owner's Denver home.[122]
- 1927
- Merchants Biscuit Company joins together with several other companies to form United Biscuit Company of America, the predecessor of the Keebler Company.[123]
- Molly Brown purchases the cottage the formerly belonged Eugene Field and has it moved to Washington Park for preservation.[124]
- 1929
- March 26: Ground breaking ceremony for new City and County Building, completed in 1932.[125]
- October 17–20: Denver Municipal Airport grand opening celebration.[126]
- 1930
- Population of the City & County: 287,861
29th most populous US city.[40] - U.S. Customhouse built.[127]
- August 29: Paramount Theatre opens.[128]
- Population of the City & County: 287,861
- 1932
- October 29: Denver City and County Building completed.[120][64]
- 1933
- August 3: At about 5:00 in the morning the Castlewood Dam collapsed sending floodwaters into Denver.[129]
- 1934
- November 30: Denver Symphony Orchestra performs its first concert.[130]
- 1938
- February 26: U.S. Lowry Air Force Base dedicated on the site of the former Agnes Memorial Sanatorium.[131]
- Denver Housing Authority created.[132]
- 1939 – The Pit, the first gay bar in Denver opens.[133]
1940 to 1959
[edit]- 1940
- Population of the City & County: 322,412
24th most populous US city.[40]
- Population of the City & County: 322,412
- 1941
Red Rocks Amphitheatre photographed from the air, 1941 - The Denver Ordnance Plant, the first part of what would become the Denver Federal Center, begins operating.
- June 15: Red Rocks Amphitheatre opens near city.[134]
- 1942
- April 4: USS Denver (CL-58), the second ship honoring the city, launched in Camden, New Jersey by the daughter of Mayor Stapleton.[135]
- 1944
- August 25: Denver Municipal Airport renamed Stapleton International Airport.[136]
- 1947
- J. Quigg Newton defeats incumbent Mayor Stapleton, becoming the first Mayor born in the city and Denver's youngest mayor to date.[137]
- 1948
- August – Bears Stadium opens.[138]
- 1950
- Population of the City & County: 415,786
24th most populous US city.[40] - To improve the Denver Zoological Foundation formed to better manage the Denver Zoo.[139]
- June 3 – Final day of service by the Denver Tramway street trollies.[140]
- Population of the City & County: 415,786
- 1951
- Botanical Gardens Foundation incorporated.[141]
- Joshel House (residence) built.[142]
- 1952
- January 10: Denver Coliseum dedicated[143]
Entrance to the Denver Coliseum
- January 10: Denver Coliseum dedicated[143]
- 1955 – The Inter-County Regional Planning Commission, predecessor to the Denver Regional Council of Governments, formed.[144]
- 1956
1960 to 1979
[edit]- 1960
- Population of the City & County: 493,887
23rd most populous US city.[40] - First season for the Denver Broncos football team.[138]
- Population of the City & County: 493,887
- 1963
- September 3: Denver Water begins filling Dillon Reservoir in Summit County, its largest reservoir.[146]
- 1965
- Metropolitan State University of Denver established as a state college accepting students for the fall semester.[147]
- June 16: Torrential thunderstorms south of Denver send floodwaters into the city, seriously damaging the lowlands west of downtown.[148]
- 1966
- January – Tropical Conservatory opens in the Botanic Gardens.[139]
- 1967
- Community College of Denver established.[149]
- August 9: A 5.3 Mb earthquake affected the Denver area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). This was the largest in a swarm of over 300 events that spanned more than a year. Damage was focused in the Northglenn area where walls were cracked, windows were broken, and structural elements were damaged at a church.[150]
- 1968
- William H. McNichols, Jr. becomes mayor.[151]
- Denver Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG) created.[144]
- September 1: Concert promoter Barry Fey produces his first rock concert at Red Rocks featuring Jimi Hendrix, Creedence Clearwater Revival, and Iron Butterfly.[152]
- 1969
- March 27–31: Chicano Youth Liberation Conference organized by Rodolfo Gonzales[153]
- 1970
- Population of the City & County: 514,678
25th most populous US city.[40] - Negative income tax program begins.[154]
- December 11: Historic Denver nonprofit founded to save the Molly Brown House.[124]
- Population of the City & County: 514,678
- 1971
- Black American West Museum and Heritage Center founded.[155]
- April – The Denver Tramway company ceases being operator of the city's transit system, transferring all assets to Denver Metro Transit (later folded into the Regional Transportation District)[156]
- October 3: New building for the Denver Art Museum designed by Gio Ponti opens in Civic Center.[157]
- 1972
- First People's Fair held at Morey Junior High School.[158]
- November 7: Colorado voters reject city bid for the 1976 Winter Olympics.[159]
- December – The Regents of CU vote to rename the Denver Center to University of Colorado Denver.[160]
- 1973
- Patricia Schroeder becomes the first woman U.S. representative from Colorado when elected by Colorado's 1st congressional district.[161]
- Denver Botanic Gardens acquires Chatfield Arboretum site in southern Jefferson County.[162]
- 1974
- July 4: Regional Transportation District takes over the operations of the Denver Metro Transit.[140]
- 1975 – Children's Museum of Denver opens first location at 931 Bannock Street.[163]
- 1976
- June 27: First Denver Pride Parade.[133]
- 1977
- Denver Young Artists Orchestra founded.[164]
- January – Auraria Campus serving three higher education institutions opens after controversial urban renewal project.[165]
- 1978
- Denver Film Festival, and South Platte Greenway development[166] begins.
- Boettcher Concert Hall built.
- Four Mile Historic Park non-profit established to preserve the historic Four Mile House, the oldest building in Denver.[86]
- 1979 – Denver Firefighters Museum established.[155]
.jpg)
1980 to 1999
[edit]- 1980
- Population of the City & County: 492,365
24th most populous US city.[40]
- Population of the City & County: 492,365
- 1981
- Nancy Leavitt with Denver Water coins the word Xeriscaping.[167]
- Quiznos restaurant in business.[168]
- 1982
- October 4: 16th Street Mall (pedestrian way) opens.[169]
- 1983
- April 4: Opening night for Otello, the first opera staged by Opera Colorado.[170]
- June 21: Federico Peña wins tight runoff election to become mayor.[171][172]
- 1984
- Children's Museum of Denver moves to new building on the Platte River Greenway.[163]
- Republic Plaza completed, becoming the tallest building in Denver.[173]
- Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum (formerly The Lowry Heritage Museum) opened.
- January 1: US West officially in business with headquarters in denver. It was separated from the AT&T as one of the "Baby Bells" as part of a 1982 antitrust case.[174]
- 1985 – Denver Urban Gardens nonprofit and Avenue Theater established.
- 1986
- Denver Enterprise Zone established by state legislature.[175][176]
- August 24: Frontier Airlines, a major Denver airline, goes bankrupt and shuts down.[177]
- 1987
- November 15: Continental Airlines Flight 1713 crashes on takeoff at Stapleton International Airport, killing twenty-five people, the deadliest accident in the airport's history.[178]
- 1988
- November 8: Scientific and Cultural Facilities District approved by voters of the metro area to provide money for museums and cultural programs.[179]
- Wynkoop Brewing Company in business, first craft brewery in Denver.[180]
- 1989
- Byers-Evans House Museum established.[155]
- Construction begins on new Denver International Airport.[181]
- March 25: Denver Symphony Orchestra has its last performance, going bankrupt and closes due to debt shortly afterwards.[130]
- October 26: Colorado Symphony Orchestra performs its first concert after being incorporated by musicians from the former organization.[130]
- 1990
- Population of the City & County: 492,365
26th most populous US city.[40] - Colorado Convention Center opens.[182]
- Population of the City & County: 492,365
- 1991
- Wellington Webb elected Mayor of Denver in upset election, going from 7% support to 58% by the end of the campaign.[183]
- Museo de las Americas founded.[86]
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory established near city.
- 1993
- August – Catholic Pope John Paul II visits city for World Youth Day 1993.
- Chipotle Mexican Grill opens first location on Evans Avenue.[184]
- 5280 magazine begins publication.
- Molly Brown House restoration begins.[185]
- 1994
- Regional Transportation District starts light rail service.[186]
- July 5: Denver based Frontier Airlines begins operations.[187]
- September: Lowry Air Force Base closes with the land turned over to the nonprofit Lowry Redevelopment Authority.[188]
- 1995
- Coors Field opens.
- Elitch Gardens moves to Platte River Valley location near downtown.[189]
- Qdoba Mexican Grill founded under the name Zuma restaurant.[190]
- First Fridays of the Golden Triangle Museum District begin.[191]
- February 28: Denver International Airport begins operating.[192]
- 1996
- June 10: Colorado Avalanche win first Stanley Cup title in franchise history in their inaugural season in Denver after relocating from Quebec.
- 1997
- June: 23rd G8 summit held.
- Denver Underground Film Festival begins.
- Diana DeGette becomes U.S. representative for Colorado's 1st congressional district.
- 1998
- January 25: Denver Broncos win Super Bowl XXXII, their first in franchise history.
- December 20: Continental Airlines Flight 1404 crashes, resulting in no fatalities and the most severe incident in Denver International Airport's history.
- 1999
- January 31: Denver Broncos win Super Bowl XXXIII, MVP John Elway's final game before retirement.
- Pepsi Center arena opens.
- Colorado's Ocean Journey aquarium opens.[193]
2000s
[edit]2000s
[edit]- 2000
- Population of the City & County: 554,636
24th most populous US city.[194]
- Population of the City & County: 554,636
- 2001
- First Look Film Festival begins.
- 2002
- June 8–July 2: The Hayman Fire breaks out, blanketing the Denver metro area with smoke and impacting Cheesman Reservoir.[195]
- 2003 – John Hickenlooper is elected Mayor of Denver.
- 2005
- 2006
- Colorado T-REX Project (TRansportation EXpansion) completed.
- Telemundo Denver begins broadcasting.
- 2008
- August 6–10: 66th World Science Fiction Convention held.[196]
- August 25–28: 2008 Democratic National Convention held.[197]
- Education News Colorado begins publication.[198]
- 2009
- February 27: The Rocky Mountain News publishes its last edition after almost 150 years of publication.[199]
2010s
[edit]- 2010
- Population of the City & County: 600,158[200]
26th most populous US city
Metro area: 2,543,482.[201] - B-cycle bikeshare launched.
- DaVita Inc. relocates to Denver.[202]
- Population of the City & County: 600,158[200]
- 2011
- May 3: Denver mayoral election, 2011 held.
- June 7: Michael Hancock wins the runoff in the 2011 Denver mayoral election.[203]
- Clyfford Still museum opens.[204]
- 2012
- April 28: New History Colorado Center opens.[205]
- June 15–17: Denver Comic Con begins.[206]
- 2015
- February 7: Denver Broncos win Super Bowl 50, their third championship.
2020s
[edit]- 2020
- Population of the City & County: 715,522
19th most populous US city. - August 5: Diol-Beye family murders, where 5 members of a family died in an arson.[207]
- Population of the City & County: 715,522
- 2021
- December 27: A gunman goes on a shooting spree across the Denver metropolitan area, killing five including local artist Alicia Cardenas and injuring two before dying in a shootout with police.[208][209]
- 2023
- June 6: Mike Johnston wins the runoff in the 2023 Denver mayoral election.[210]
- June 12: Denver Nuggets win first championship in franchise history after 47 years.[211]
Jokić and Murray with the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy
Nuggets players celebrating during parade
Denver Nuggets victory parade
See also
[edit]
- Bibliography of Colorado
- Geography of Colorado
- History of Colorado
- Index of Colorado-related articles
- List of Colorado-related lists
- Outline of Colorado
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Noel 1997, p. 17.
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- ^ Noel 1997, p. 13.
- ^ Noel, Thomas J. "Denver". Colorado Encyclopedia. History Colorado. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ Noel 1981, p. 28.
- ^ Bancroft & Victor 1890, p. 549.
- ^ Noel 1997, p. 30.
- ^ Noel 1997, p. 18.
- ^ Nelson 2005, p. 3.
- ^ a b Noel 1997, p. 41.
- ^ a b Limerick & Hanson 2012, p. 29–30.
- ^ Encyclopedia Staff. "The Denver Police Department, 1859–1933". Colorado Encyclopedia. History Colorado. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Crutchfield 2017, p. 105.
- ^ Crutchfield 2017, p. 50–51.
- ^ Noel 1997, p. 26.
- ^ Murphy 2006, p. 11–18.
- ^ Noel 1997, p. 29.
- ^ Bancroft & Victor 1890, p. 557.
- ^ Bancroft & Victor 1890, p. 550.
- ^ Minor, Nathaniel (1 July 2019). "Denver's Brick Legacy Is Rooted In A Fire And The 'Smell of Burning Bacon in the Air'". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ Noel 1997, p. 404.
- ^ a b Bancroft & Victor 1890, p. 560.
- ^ Bancroft & Victor 1890, p. 490.
- ^ Trembath, Brian K. (20 May 2020). "May 1864 Brought Denver's First Big Flood—and Swept Away Much More". DPL Western History/Genealogy Dept. Denver Public Library. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ a b "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
- ^ Zimmer, Amy. "Time Machine Tuesday: Building the State Capitol". Colorado Virtual Library. Colorado State Library. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
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- ^ a b Leonard & Noel 1990, p. 36.
- ^ Limerick & Hanson 2012, p. 34.
- ^ Patterson, Steve. "Denver Rides The Rails". Denver Public Library History. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^ Federal Writers' Project 1945, p. 91–92.
- ^ Nelson 2005, p. 6.
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- ^ Noel 1997, p. 86.
- ^ Trembath, Brian K. (13 April 2021). "Congenial friends, study and discussion: The Denver Fortnightly Club". Denver Public Library History. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Denver Union Station History and Timeline". Denver Union Station Public Authority. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
- ^ Young 2006, p. xi.
- ^ Limerick & Hanson 2012, p. 112.
- ^ Bjorklund 2016, p. 87.
- ^ Gallagher 2012, p. 117.
- ^ Hicks 1980, p. 103.
- ^ Leonard & Noel 1990, p. 48.
- ^ Leonard & Noel 1990, p. 85.
- ^ Hicks 1980, p. 93.
- ^ Hall 1895, p. 51.
- ^ Noel 1997, p. 294.
- ^ a b Leonard & Noel 1990, p. 45.
- ^ Noel 2005, p. 28.
- ^ Hall 1895, p. 32.
- ^ Schweik 2009, p. 9.
- ^ Noel 1997, p. 189.
- ^ Hicks 1980, p. 94–96.
- ^ Hicks 1980, p. 104.
- ^ Leonard & Noel 1990, p. 84.
- ^ Clifford 1997, p. 5,135.
- ^ Limerick & Hanson 2012, p. 42.
- ^ a b Jones & Forest 1980, p. 214.
- ^ William J. Handley (January 12, 1977). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Masonic Temple Building". National Park Service. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ Noel 1997, p. 380.
- ^ Clark 2011, p. 30.
- ^ a b Uchill, Ida (16 October 1959). "Remember Brooklyn; Colfax Viaduct Ghost Town?". Intermountain Jewish News. Vol. 46, no. 42. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ Noel 1997, p. 454.
- ^ Earley 1995, p. 34–35.
- ^ Pohlen 2002, p. 7–8.
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External links
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