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List of hybrid creatures in folklore

The following is a list of hybrid entities from the folklore record grouped morphologically. Hybrids not found in classical mythology but developed in the context of modern popular culture are listed in § Modern fiction.

Mythology

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Head of one animal, body of another

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Mammalian bipeds

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Ganesha, with Elephant's head

Other bipeds

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Horus, with Falcon's head
A medieval depiction of a harpy as a bird-woman

Quadrupeds

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'Gajasimha', Museum of Cham Sculpture

Other

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A nure-onna as depicted in Sawaki Suushi's Hyakkai-Zukan

Front of one animal, rear of another

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Body of one animal as head of another

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A Centaur fighting a man

Animals with extra parts

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Pegasus, as the horse of Muses, was put on the roof of Poznań Opera House (Max Littmann, 1910)
Detail of the embroidered dress of an Apkallu, showing a pair of 4-legged winged animals. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul

Body of one animal with legs and extra features of another

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Satyr men, satyr women, and satyr children.

Other hybrids of two kinds

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Garuda carrying his master Vishnu. Garuda has an eagle's head, wings and legs

Hybrids of three kinds

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Assyrian lamassu dated 721, BCE Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago.

Hybrids of four kinds

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Horns of a goat and a ram, goat's fur and ears, nose and canines of a pig, and mouth of a dog, a typical depiction of the devil in Christian art. The goat, ram, dog and pig are animals consistently associated with the Devil.[17] Detail of a 16th-century painting by Jacob de Backer in the National Museum in Warsaw.

Hybrids of more than four kinds

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Navagunjara, has limb representing eight animals, including a human hand.

Modern fiction

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The following hybrid creatures appear in modern fiction:

Dungeons & Dragons

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Jurassic Park

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The Jurassic Park franchise had these hybrids in the films, toylines, and video games.

Other fiction

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Cecaelia is a half human, half octopus.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ S Sanatombi (2014). মণিপুরী ফুংগাৱারী (in Manipuri). p. 57 – via archive.org.
  2. ^ Regunathan, Sudhamahi (2005). Folk Tales of the North-East. Children's Book Trust. ISBN 978-81-7011-967-8.
  3. ^ Singh, Moirangthem Kirti (1993). Folk Culture of Manipur. Manas Publications. ISBN 978-81-7049-063-0.
  4. ^ Devy, G. N.; Davis, Geoffrey V.; Chakravarty, K. K. (2015-08-12). Knowing Differently: The Challenge of the Indigenous. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-32569-7.
  5. ^ Sangeet Natak. 1985.
  6. ^ Krasner, David (2008). Theatre in Theory 1900-2000: An Anthology. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-4043-0.
  7. ^ Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). Reading the world : encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780226260709.
  8. ^ Rev. J. G. Campbell, "Superstitions of the islands and Highlands of Scotland", Scottish Celtic Review 4 (1885), pp155, 157, noted in J. G. McKay, "The Deer-Cult and the Deer-Goddess Cult of the Ancient Caledonians" Folklore 43.2 (June 1932), pp. 144–174). p. 152.
  9. ^ Sue Weaver (16 April 2011). The Backyard Goat: An Introductory Guide to Keeping and Enjoying Pet Goats, from Feeding and Housing to Making Your Own Cheese. Storey Publishing, LLC. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-1-60342-699-2.
  10. ^ Axel, Olrik; Falbe-Hansen, Ida (1909). Danske Folkeviser i Udvalg [Danish] (in Danish) (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Riggs, Don (2014). "Faun and Satyr". In Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.). The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters. New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 233–236. ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Hansen, William F. (2004). Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 279–280. ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2.
  13. ^ a b West, Martin Litchfield (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9.
  14. ^ a b c Miles, Geoffrey (2009) [1999]. Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-203-19483-6.
  15. ^ Nathan Robert Brown (30 September 2014). The Mythology of Grimm: The Fairy Tale and Folklore Roots of the Popular TV Show. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-698-13788-2.
  16. ^ Platt, Rutherford (1926). The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden. Entry: The Book of the Secrets of Enoch chapter XII
  17. ^ Fritscher, Jack (2004). Popular Witchcraft: Straight from the Witch's Mouth. Popular Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-299-20304-2. The pig, goat, dog, ram — all of these creatures are consistently associated with the Devil.
  18. ^ Stratton, Carol (2004). Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand. Serindia Publications, Inc. ISBN 9781932476095.
  19. ^ "Quest for Glory Shrine - Monsters". tartarus.rpgclassics.com. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  20. ^ Hoffer, Chrisitan (2021-05-21). "Dungeons & Dragons' Evil Spider Goddess Gets a Major Redesign". ComicBook.com. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
  21. ^ Forest, Richard W. (2014). "Dungeons & Dragons, Monsters in". In Weinstock, Jeffrey (ed.). The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters. Ashgate Publishing.
  22. ^ Schick, Lawrence (1991). Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games. Prometheus Books. p. 92. ISBN 0-87975-653-5.
  23. ^ Wickline, Dan (2016-11-16). "New Dungeons & Dragons Monster Guide Has Limited Edition Cover Option". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  24. ^ Kunzelman, Cameron (2016-12-06). "Volo's Guide to Monsters isn't a Typical Dungeons & Dragons Monster Manual". Paste. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  25. ^ Bair, Scott (2019-12-12). "Some Of Dungeons & Dragons' Weirdest First Edition Monsters Are Coming Back". TheGamer. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  26. ^ Hayward, Philip (2017). Making a Splash. Indiana University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780861969258.
  27. ^ Giuffre, Liz; Hayward, Philip (2023-11-27). "Harry Styles as a Cecaelia: Sexuality, Representation and Media-lore in "Music for a Sushi Restaurant"". Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture (13): 442–461. doi:10.18778/2083-2931.13.23. hdl:11089/48985. ISSN 2084-574X.