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MAX Red Line

MAX Red Line
A MAX train approaching Portland Airport station with the Portland International Airport terminal in the background.
A Red Line train at Portland International Airport
Overview
Other name(s)Airport MAX[1]
OwnerTriMet
LocalePortland, Oregon, U.S.
Termini
Stations37
WebsiteMAX Red Line
Service
TypeLight rail
SystemMAX Light Rail
Operator(s)TriMet
Daily ridership17,390 (Weekday, September 2024)[2]
History
OpenedSeptember 10, 2001 (2001-09-10)
Technical
Line length5.5 mi (8.9 km)[a]
Number of tracks2
CharacterAt-grade, elevated, and underground
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
ElectrificationOverhead line, 750 V DC
Route diagram

Legend
Westside MAX
 Hillsboro Airport/​Fairgrounds
Hillsboro Airport Parking
 Hawthorn Farm
Orenco
Parking
 Quatama
Parking
 Willow Creek/SE 185th Avenue Transit Center
Parking
 Elmonica/​Southwest 170th Avenue
Parking
 Merlo Road/​Southwest 158th Avenue
Beaverton Creek
Parking
 Millikan Way
Parking
 Beaverton Central
Beaverton Transit Center
WES Commuter Rail
US 26.svg
US 26
Sunset Highway
 Sunset Transit Center
Parking
 Washington Park
Goose Hollow/​Southwest Jefferson Street
Providence Park
I-405.svg I-405
11th Avenue loop tracks
B NS (SW 11th Ave)
A NS (SW 10th Ave)
 Galleria/​Southwest 10th Avenue
Portland Streetcar
 Library/​Southwest 9th Avenue
Portland Streetcar
 Pioneer Square North
Pioneer Square South
Portland Transit Mall (SW 6th Ave)
Portland Transit Mall (SW 5th Ave)
 Morrison/​Southwest 3rd Avenue
Yamhill District
Oak Street/​Southwest 1st Avenue
Skidmore Fountain
Old Town/​Chinatown
Portland Transit Mall (NW Glisan St)
Steel Bridge over Willamette River
Interstate MAX
 Rose Quarter Transit Center
I-5.svg I-5
 Convention Center
Portland Streetcar
B (NE Grand Ave)
A (NE 7th Ave)
 Northeast 7th Avenue
Portland Streetcar
 Lloyd Center/​Northeast 11th Avenue
Hollywood/​Northeast 42nd Avenue
Northeast 60th Avenue
Northeast 82nd Avenue
I-84.svgI-205.svg I-84 / I-205
 Gateway/​Northeast 99th Avenue Transit Center
Parking
Eastside MAX
I-84.svgI-205.svg I-84 /
I-205
northbound
 Parkrose/​Sumner Transit Center
Parking
I-205.svg
I-205
southbound
 Cascades
Mount Hood Avenue
Portland Airport
Portland International Airport
This diagram:

The MAX Red Line is a light rail line serving the Portland metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Oregon. Operated by TriMet as part of the MAX Light Rail system, it is an airport rail link connecting Hillsboro, Beaverton, Portland City Center, and Northeast Portland to Portland International Airport. The Red Line serves 37 stations; it interlines with the Blue Line and partially with the Green Line from Hillsboro Airport/Fairgrounds station to Gateway Transit Center and then branches off to Portland Airport station. Service runs for 22 hours per day with headways of up to 15 minutes. The Red Line carried an average 17,390 passengers per weekday in September 2024, the second busiest after the Blue Line.

Plans for light rail service to Portland International Airport surfaced in the 1980s, and efforts were accelerated during the airport's expansion in the 1990s. The Airport MAX project was conceived from an unsolicited proposal by Bechtel in 1997, and it was designed and built under a public–private partnership between a consortium of Bechtel and Trammell Crow, the Port of Portland, and local governments. Construction of the four-station, 5.5-mile (8.9 km) branch line began in 1999 and was completed in under two years due to the use of local and private financing and existing public right-of-way.

The Red Line began operating between the airport and downtown Portland on September 10, 2001. It was extended west along existing MAX tracks to Beaverton Transit Center in 2003. In 2024, the A Better Red project eliminated two single-track segments along the Airport MAX and extended Red Line service farther west to Hillsboro Airport and Westside Commons, formerly Washington County Fairgrounds, in Hillsboro.

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]

In 1975, Multnomah County leaders negotiated reducing the number of car lanes along a future nine-mile (14 km) section of the controversial Interstate 205 (I-205) freeway.[3] A separated transit bus right-of-way was proposed instead,[4][5] and that segment was realized as the I-205 busway,[6][7] but it was never utilized by buses.[3][8] In 1985, the Portland metropolitan area's regional government, Metro, began a study for the Port of Portland and Clackamas County, who proposed a light rail line using the I-205 busway. They envisioned the line running from Portland International Airport to Clackamas Town Center and connecting with the then-nearly completed Metropolitan Area Express (MAX) line, which traveled perpendicularly between Portland and Gresham.[9][10] Metro had recommended construction by 1995,[11][12] but in 1987, the Joint Policy Advisory Committee on Transportation (JPACT) separately identified the Westside Corridor from downtown Portland to Washington County as the "next priority corridor for major investment".[13][14][15]

Metro and the regional transit agency, TriMet, subsequently called on local governments and businesses in Clackamas County to pursue alternative funding sources for the I-205 line,[16] which Clackamas County officials disputed.[17] As a compromise, Metro published a transit plan in 1989 that reasserted the Westside Corridor's priority and commissioned preliminary work for the I-205 proposal.[18][19] Ensuing alternatives analyses eventually caused Metro planners to shift light rail plans away from the I-205 corridor in favor of another north–south route farther west closer to downtown Portland;[20] this route, between Hazel Dell, Washington and Clackamas Town Center, became known as the "South/North Corridor".[21]: 80  Voters rejected local funding proposals for the South/North project in 1995 and 1996. In December 1996, Metro proposed combining the South/North project with a locally and privately funded airport light rail extension, as doing so would allow Metro to ask for more federal matching funds.[22][23] TriMet, however, opted to ask Portland-area voters for funding instead, who declined in a 1998 ballot measure.[24]

Airport expansion and partnership agreement

[edit]
a road entrance to Cascade Station facing Sports Authority
Cascade Station shopping center, which Bechtel developed in exchange for building the Airport MAX

In 1991, the Port approved a master plan for Portland International Airport—a 20-year, $300 million phased expansion of the passenger terminal—to serve predicted passenger traffic growth through 2010. The plan included a long-term goal for an extension of light rail to the airport.[25] Improvements to the southern portion of the terminal were announced in 1995 in response to unanticipated growth.[26] Designed by Zimmer Gunsul Frasca (ZGF),[27] Terminal Expansion South included a light rail station between the airport access road and the south concourse, 150 feet (46 m) from the baggage claim area.[28][29]

In 1997, engineering firm Bechtel, wanting to acquire property near the airport, submitted an unsolicited proposal to develop the airport light rail line.[21]: 82  The Port expressed its support of the proposal,[30] and a preliminary engineering study commenced in December.[31] After long deliberations, agreements were made between Bechtel, the Port, TriMet, and local governments and agencies in October 1998.[32][33] A part of the agreements authorized Bechtel to design and build a 5.5-mile-long (8.9 km) light rail extension to the airport in exchange for development rights to the 120-acre (48.6 ha), commercially zoned Portland International Center situated east of the airport. Bechtel later developed this property and renamed it Cascade Station.[34] The following month, the Associated Builders and Contractors filed a petition in Multnomah County Circuit Court claiming that the contract awarded to Bechtel may have violated Oregon procurement laws.[35] The court ruled in favor of TriMet with the judge declaring that the contract was awarded fairly.[36]

Funding and construction

[edit]
a Red Line train exiting a tunnel
The south portal of the tunnel that was built in the late 1970s as part of the I-205 busway and was first brought into use by the Red Line

The Airport MAX project's timeline was accelerated with the formation of a public–private partnership, which excluded Federal Transit Administration (FTA) funding and thus eliminated a requirement for FTA approval.[21]: 82 [37] TriMet had estimated the extension would cost $125 million, but additional costs to purchase train sets and build related infrastructure raised the total to $182.7 million.[38] U.S. federal regulations and an authorization from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) limited the Port to funding only a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) stretch within airport property.[33] To ensure funding for the entire project, the Port divided financing into three parts and assumed responsibility for that segment. The next 1.4 miles (2.3 km) of track, which ran through Cascade Station, in turn went to private funding, while the final 2.9 miles (4.7 km) along I-205 was covered by TriMet, Metro, and the City of Portland.[39][40]

The Port contributed $28.3 million for construction and $20 million for terminal and road improvements; these funds were drawn from a $3 ticket fee levied on travelers.[1][38] Delta Air Lines, Reno Air, and United Airlines had opposed the use of ticket fees, arguing that the extension would serve few airline passengers,[41] but the FAA approved it in May 1999.[42] Additional funds came from Cascade Station Development, a private consortium of Bechtel and real estate developer Trammell Crow, who provided $28.2 million for the project and $13.1 million for the construction of an interchange over I-205 and Airport Way.[43] TriMet released $27.5 million for construction, which was funded by $30 million in bonds,[1][38] and procured six new rail cars for $6 million each.[43][44] Metro allocated $18 million from a regional transportation fund,[1][38] and $23 million came from tax increment bonds issued by the City of Portland.[1][21]: 82 

David Evans and Associates served as the prime engineer and lead designer.[45] Much of the Airport MAX extension used public right-of-way already owned either by the Oregon Department of Transportation, the Port, or TriMet. This avoided displacing private property owners and limited the project's impact only to parking spaces at Gateway Transit Center and along Airport Way.[37][43] Bechtel began construction in June 1999 on a segment next to I-205 near the Columbia Slough.[43] Bridgework over the freeway commenced the following December.[46] To minimize lane closures, workers used a cast-in-place concrete pouring method to extend the bridges' spans in 16-foot (4.9 m) increments.[47] Work progressed quickly along the freeway segment due to the existing I-205 busway right-of-way, which came with a tunnel from Gateway Transit Center to the freeway median.[47] Bechtel contracted track installation to Stacy and Witbeck,[48] whose workers placed 3,200 feet (975.4 m) of rail per day to meet the project's deadline; tracks from Gateway Transit Center to the bridge over southbound I-205 were laid by July 2000.[49] Hoffman Construction built the $8.4 million Portland Airport station,[48] and local architecture firm Zimmer Gunsul Frasca (ZGF) designed the station's glass-roofed shelter to complement the airport terminal's drop-off canopy, which ZGF also designed.[50][51] Bechtel began the end-to-end testing of the power, trains, and signals in March 2001, and TriMet took over the project that July to continue system testing and verify scheduling.[48]

Opening and extension to Beaverton

[edit]
Passengers alighting from a Red Line train at the center platform of Beaverton Transit Center
A Red Line train at Beaverton Transit Center in 2004

In 2000, TriMet named the new MAX service to the airport the "Red Line" to differentiate it from the established service between Hillsboro and Gresham, which it renamed the "Blue Line".[52][21]: 83  The Airport MAX extension opened on September 10, 2001.[53][54] Celebrations scheduled for September 15–16 were canceled in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks,[55][56] with the airport itself closed for three days due to a nationwide ground stop.[57] Upon opening, the Red Line operated from the airport to the Library and Galleria stations in downtown Portland, where its trains turned around at the 11th Avenue loop tracks.[58] It replaced bus route 12–Sandy Boulevard as TriMet's only service to and from the airport,[55][59] while the transit agency for Clark County, Washington, C-Tran, rerouted its bus service from its connection at Gateway Transit Center to Parkrose/Sumner Transit Center.[55] Although tested during trial runs,[48] TriMet opted to omit luggage racks from Red Line trains to maximize rider capacity.[60] By November 2001, ridership had averaged 2,300 riders and peaked at 3,800 riders a day before the Thanksgiving holiday weekend. At the time, service had been using single light rail cars,[61] but the influx of riders prompted TriMet to temporarily deploy two-car consists, which it had not planned to do until 2006.[62]

On September 1, 2003, TriMet extended Red Line service farther west via the Westside MAX segment to Beaverton Transit Center. This was done in an effort to increase capacity between Gateway Transit Center and Beaverton and to provide a one-seat ride to the airport for the west side.[63] Regular use of two-car trains on the line began in September 2005, when overcrowding prompted TriMet to change most Yellow Line service from two-car consists to single cars in order to convert the Red Line to two-car trains.[64] In March 2008, three trips in each direction during the morning and evening rush hours began operating between the Hatfield Government Center and Portland Airport stations to provide further capacity on the Blue Line.[65]

Track improvements and extension to Hillsboro

[edit]
refer to caption
A single-track segment of the Airport MAX along I-205 in 2018. Since January 2024, this formerly bidirectional section of track is used solely by Portland Airport-bound trains.
The platform of Gateway North station showing the station's shelter and a MAX train pulling in, facing north
Gateway North station on opening day, March 2024

In October 2017,[66] TriMet, citing system-wide delays caused by two single-track segments on the Airport MAX, announced the MAX Red Line Improvements Project,[67] later renamed "A Better Red".[68] A Better Red proposed double-tracking a 2,800-foot (850 m) section of track north of Gateway Transit Center and another 3,800-foot (1,200 m) section next to Northeast Airport Way, just before the airport terminal.[69] To qualify the project for federal funding, TriMet also announced extending Red Line service west to Fair Complex/Hillsboro Airport station in Hillsboro, again using the Westside MAX segment;[66] this would create a one-seat option from 10 additional stations to Portland International Airport. Additionally, TriMet had announced it would procure up to eight new light rail vehicles to accommodate the improvements,[67] but later purchased 30 new trains overall; four were part of A Better Red, while the remaining 26 were replacements for the original MAX fleet, which are gradually being retired.[70]

Preliminary design work began in February 2018,[71] and TriMet adopted a locally preferred alternative in April 2019.[72] Final design was completed by engineering firm Parametrix in early 2021.[73][74] The design included two new bridges north of Gateway Transit Center to accommodate the second track and a new MAX platform just north of Gateway Transit Center called "Gateway North".[68] The project cost $215 million.[75] In May 2020, the FTA announced $99.99 million for the project through the Capital Investment Grants program.[76][77] $104 million from TriMet, $8.9 million from Metro, and $2.2 million from the Port covered the local-matching funds.[75]

The project broke ground on September 28, 2021.[78] From April 2–9, 2022,[79][80] Red Line service was suspended to make way for construction, and shuttle buses operated between Gateway Transit Center and Portland International Airport.[81][82] The project was completed in March 2024.[83][84]

From June 18 to October 21, 2023, TriMet suspended MAX service between Gateway Transit Center and the airport to allow for construction of the second track between the airport and Mount Hood Avenue.[85][86]

From January 14 to March 3, 2024, TriMet suspended MAX Red, Blue and Green Line service between NE 7th and Gateway Transit Center.[87] Inbound Red Line trains from PDX began serving Gateway North on March 4, 2024.[88] These projects eliminated the last bidirectional single-track sections on the MAX system.[89]

The Red Line extension to Hillsboro began service on August 25, 2024 with a soft launch, with the full launch beginning on August 28. Fair Complex/Hillsboro Airport station was also renamed to Hillsboro Airport/Fairgrounds station.[90][91] On the destination signs of westbound trains, where space is limited, the new destination is shown as "HIO/Fairgnd", HIO being the International Air Transport Association code for Hillsboro Airport.[92] The opposite end of the Red Line continues to be shown simply as "Airport" (referring to Portland International) on the trains' destination signs.[92]

Route

[edit]
See also: MAX Blue Line § Route
refer to caption
An airport-bound MAX train running above I-205, pictured in 2011

The Red Line serves the 5.5-mile-long (8.9 km) Airport MAX segment.[a] This segment begins just south of Gateway Transit Center where it branches from the Eastside MAX segment, makes a 180-degree loop, and heads north along the east side of the I-205 freeway.[1] Near Rocky Butte, it enters a tunnel beneath the northbound lanes of the freeway and emerges along the median.[43] The line then crosses over the southbound lanes of I-205 just south of the Columbia Slough and proceeds northwest along the south side of Cascade Parkway.[93] It follows this road then crosses it just before Mount Hood Avenue station.[94] The line then continues northwest along the south side of Airport Way until it reaches its terminus at Portland Airport station.[95]

Beyond the Airport MAX, the Red Line serves parts of the Westside and Eastside MAX segments, where it interlines with the Blue Line from Hillsboro Airport/Fairgrounds station to Gateway Transit Center and the Green Line from Rose Quarter Transit Center to Gateway Transit Center.[96]

Map
A geographic map of the MAX Red Line (in red) relative to the rest of the network (in black) with icons marking the line's termini.[b]

Stations

[edit]
Further information on the stations, including TriMet bus connections: List of MAX Light Rail stations
The platform of Portland Airport station; a two-car train awaits passengers to board with it doors open
Portland Airport station, the Red Line's eastern terminus, pictured in 2024

The Airport MAX project added four stations to the MAX system: Portland Airport, Mount Hood Avenue, Cascades, and Parkrose/Sumner Transit Center.[1] In March 2024, Gateway North station was added as part of A Better Red.[98] The Red Line serves these five stations in addition to 32 others, a total of 37 stations. It shares the 32 stations, from Hillsboro Airport/Fairgrounds station to Gateway Transit Center, with the Blue Line, of which eight stations, from Rose Quarter Transit Center to Gateway Transit Center, are additionally shared with the Green Line.

Riders can transfer to the Green, Orange, and Yellow lines at the Pioneer Courthouse and Pioneer Place stations from the Pioneer Square stations. Riders can also transfer to the Yellow Line at Interstate/Rose Quarter station from Rose Quarter Transit Center.[97] The Library, Galleria, Convention Center, and Northeast 7th Avenue stations connect with the Portland Streetcar,[99] and Beaverton Transit Center connects with WES Commuter Rail.[100] Some stations connect to local and intercity bus services.[97]

Key
Icon Purpose
† Terminus
→ Portland Airport-bound travel only
← Hillsboro-bound travel only
List of MAX Red Line stations
Station Location Began service Line transfers[97] Notes[97][101][c]
Hillsboro Airport/Fairgrounds† Hillsboro August 25, 2024[90][91] Blue Line continues to Hatfield Government Center in downtown Hillsboro
Hawthorn Farm —
Orenco Connects with North Hillsboro Link
Quatama —
Willow Creek/Southwest 185th Avenue Transit Center Connects with CC Rider, North Hillsboro Link
Elmonica/Southwest 170th Avenue Beaverton Adjacent to Elmonica maintenance facility
Merlo Road/Southwest 158th Avenue —
Beaverton Creek —
Millikan Way —
Beaverton Central —
Beaverton Transit Center September 1, 2003 Connects with WES Commuter Rail
Sunset Transit Center Connects with POINT, TCTD
Washington Park Portland Connects with Washington Park Free Shuttle
Goose Hollow/Southwest Jefferson Street —
Kings Hill/Southwest Salmon Street Closed on March 1, 2020[102]
Providence Park —
Library/Southwest 9th Avenue→ September 10, 2001 Connects with Portland Streetcar
Galleria/Southwest 10th Avenue←
Pioneer Square South→     Connects with Portland Transit Mall
Pioneer Square North←    
Mall/Southwest 4th Avenue→     Closed on March 1, 2020[102]
Mall/Southwest 5th Avenue←    
Yamhill District→ —
Morrison/Southwest 3rd Avenue←
Oak Street/Southwest 1st Avenue —
Skidmore Fountain Closing August 2025[103]
Old Town/Chinatown —
Rose Quarter Transit Center    Green Line continues to PSU South stations on the Portland Transit Mall; connects with C-Tran
Convention Center   Connects with Portland Streetcar
Northeast 7th Avenue   Connects with Portland Streetcar
Lloyd Center/Northeast 11th Avenue   —
Hollywood/Northeast 42nd Avenue   —
Northeast 60th Avenue   —
Northeast 82nd Avenue   —
Gateway/Northeast 99th Avenue Transit Center→   Blue Line continues to Cleveland Avenue in Gresham; Green Line continues to Clackamas Town Center Transit Center; connects with Columbia Area Transit;[104]
Gateway North← March 4, 2024  
Parkrose/Sumner Transit Center September 10, 2001 — Connects with C-Tran
Cascades — —
Mount Hood Avenue — —
Portland Airport† — Connects with C-Tran

Service

[edit]

TriMet designates the Red Line as a "Frequent Service" route.[105] Red Line trains operate from 3:20 am to 1:40 am the next day with headways ranging from 30 minutes during the early mornings and late evenings to 15 minutes during peak hours. End-to-end travel from Hillsboro Airport/Fairgrounds station to Portland Airport station takes just over one hour.[106]

On September 2, 2018, TriMet reintroduced bus service to the airport, which had been replaced by the Red Line in 2001, with route 272–PDX Night Bus. Service ran in the late night and early morning hours when the Red Line was not operating. It traveled from the airport via Airport Way and 82nd Avenue to a local bus stop near Southeast 80th and Washington streets.[107][108] Route 272 was suspended on April 5, 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[109] It was reinstated on August 25, 2024, as 292–Red Bus.[110][111] Route 292 travels a longer route than its predecessor with service through Southeast Portland and downtown, terminating at Goose Hollow/Southwest Jefferson Street station.[112]

Ridership

[edit]

The Red Line averaged 17,390 riders on weekdays in September 2024, the second busiest after the Blue Line.[2] One year after opening, the line averaged 2,800 daily riders at the airport, ahead of TriMet's first-year projections of 2,300.[113] The Red Line's extension to Beaverton Transit Center in 2003 increased weekday ridership by 49 percent along the Westside MAX corridor and six percent systemwide.[114]

IKEA's opening in July 2007 helped attract more riders to Cascade Station shopping center, which had been considered a failed planned development following the economic recession caused by the September 11 attacks.[115] In 2008, Cascades MAX station recorded an eight-fold increase in traffic, from 250 passengers per week to 2,000,[116] and this figure had further grown to 6,000 by 2010.[117] The Red Line's annual ridership peaked at just over nine million passengers in 2009,[118] and it continued to fall over the next decade as part of a system-wide decline attributed to crime and rising housing costs in the Portland area.[119][120] From 8.2 million boardings in 2012, 7.4 million boardings were recorded in 2015.[1][121]

The COVID-19 pandemic, which impacted public transit ridership globally, further exacerbated the line's—and TriMet's overall—ridership decline. From an average 22,530 weekday riders in September 2019,[122] TriMet recorded just 6,500 riders in April 2020 following local stay-at-home orders.[123]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b TriMet publications only provide the total length of the Airport MAX extension, i.e., the 5.5-mile (8.9 km) section that was newly built. The total length of Red Line service, which includes segments of the Eastside MAX and the Westside MAX, has not been published.[1]
  2. ^ The official system schematic can be viewed on the TriMet website.[97]
  3. ^ This list of service connections excludes TriMet bus connections. For a complete list that includes all transfers, see: List of MAX Light Rail stations.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Airport MAX Red Line" (PDF). TriMet. July 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
  2. ^ a b "September 2024 Monthly Performance Report" (PDF). TriMet. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  3. ^ a b Kramer, George (May 2004). The Interstate Highway System in Oregon, A Historic Overview (Report). Oregon Department of Transportation. p. 60. OCLC 57183445. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018 – via State Library of Oregon Digital Collections.
  4. ^ "Council backs I-205 if modified". The Oregonian. April 24, 1975. p. B4. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2021 – via NewsBank.
  5. ^ "Agreement on I-205 plans cited". The Oregonian. July 30, 1975. p. F4. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2021 – via NewsBank.
  6. ^ "Tri-Met board okays I-205 busway concept". The Oregonian. February 3, 1976. p. A8. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2021 – via NewsBank.
  7. ^ Hortsch, Dan (October 7, 1976). "I-205 section passes tests for final approval". The Oregonian. p. E12. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2021 – via NewsBank.
  8. ^ Redden, Jim (September 10, 2009). "After 35 years of waiting, TriMet's Green Line hits all the parties: Thousands ride new I-205 line that was born of a '70s freeway rebellion". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  9. ^ Cochran, Wanda; Kohler, Vince (December 14, 1984). "Light-rail study gets approval". The Oregonian. p. C7. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2022 – via NewsBank.
  10. ^ Kohler, Vince (July 11, 1985). "Light-rail line study under way". The Oregonian. p. D4. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2022 – via NewsBank.
  11. ^ Kohler, Vince (April 23, 1987). "Panel calls for study of proposed I-205 light-rail link". The Oregonian. p. D19. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2022 – via NewsBank.
  12. ^ Kohler, Vince (May 17, 1987). "Metro committee seeks funds to build I-205 light-rail link". The Oregonian. p. E2. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2022 – via NewsBank.
  13. ^ Bodine, Harry (September 30, 1987). "Light-rail expansion backed by officials". The Oregonian. p. B12. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2022 – via NewsBank.
  14. ^ Bodine, Harry (October 27, 1987). "Mass transit, major highway projects given priority". The Oregonian. p. B4. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2022 – via NewsBank.
  15. ^ United States. Department of Transportation; United States. Urban Mass Transportation Administration (March 1982). Westside Corridor Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement Alternatives Analysis (Report). pp. 2.1-3, 2.1-4. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved December 14, 2020 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ Kohler, Vince (May 23, 1988). "Joint efforts of business, government could spur rail line; both groups need to finance, back line along I-205, panel says". The Oregonian. p. B5.
  17. ^ Green, Ashbel S. (October 6, 1988). "County officials debate light-rail routes". The Oregonian. p. W1.
  18. ^ Bodine, Harry (January 14, 1989). "Metro OKs $1.5 billion transit plan". The Oregonian. p. D1.
  19. ^ Mayer, James (April 9, 1989). "Tri-Met looks to the future: The success of MAX sparks dreams of expanding". The Oregonian. p. A1.
  20. ^ McCarthy, Dennis (September 15, 1994). "Light-rail service? On to Oregon City!". The Oregonian. p. D2.
  21. ^ a b c d e Selinger, Philip (2019). "Making History: 50 Years of TriMet and Transit in the Portland Region" (PDF). TriMet. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  22. ^ Oliver, Gordon; Hunsberger, Brent (December 9, 1996). "Holding the line on light rail". The Oregonian.
  23. ^ Oliver, Gordon (January 29, 1997). "Cost cuts map way to extend light rail". The Oregonian.
  24. ^ Oliver, Gordon (November 7, 1998). "South–North Line backers find themselves at a loss after election day defeat". The Oregonian. p. B1.
  25. ^ Mayes, Steve (April 11, 1991). "Portland's airport for the future only needs a $300 million ticket". The Oregonian. p. A1.
  26. ^ Barnett, Jim (January 12, 1995). "Port sees airport expansion". The Oregonian. p. E1. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  27. ^ Dietsch, Deborah K. (2003). The Evolution of the Portland International Airport. New York: Edizioni Press, Inc. p. 14-16. ISBN 1-931536-09-0. LCCN 2002101359.
  28. ^ Lynch, Jim (March 12, 1998). "Airport lands help from airlines for south concourse expansion". The Oregonian. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  29. ^ Nichols, Chrissy Mancini (March 26, 2012). "Value Capture Case Studies: Portland's Cascade Station and Light Rail to PDX". Metropolitan Planning Council. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  30. ^ Oliver, Gordon (January 22, 1997). "Port wants MAX to run to airport". The Oregonian. p. A1.
  31. ^ Christ, Janet (January 1, 1998). "Portland to help pay for study of airport rail line". The Oregonian. p. D2.
  32. ^ Oliver, Gordon (September 24, 1998). "Tri-Met OKs rail line of 5.5 miles to airport". The Oregonian. p. B1.
  33. ^ a b Oliver, Gordon (October 9, 1998). "Port of Portland OKs light-rail agreement". The Oregonian. p. C1.
  34. ^ Rose, Michael (December 19, 1997). "PDX light rail may lead to south-north line". Portland Business Journal. p. 1.
  35. ^ Bjorhus, Jennifer (November 26, 1998). "Contractors battle Tri-Met on bid laws". The Oregonian. p. C1.
  36. ^ Bjorhus, Jennifer (December 5, 1998). "Court tosses out suit against Tri-Met, Bechtel". The Oregonian. p. B1.
  37. ^ a b Oliver, Gordon (September 10, 1998). "Light rail to airport gets closer to reality". The Oregonian. p. B1.
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