View text source at Wikipedia


PBS Kids

PBS Kids
NetworkPBS
LaunchedJuly 11, 1994; 30 years ago (1994-07-11) (PTV)
September 6, 1999; 25 years ago (1999-09-06) (as PBS Kids)
Country of originUnited States
Formerly known asPTV (1994–99)
Official websitepbskids.org

PBS Kids (stylized as PBS KIDS) is the brand for most[note 1] of the children's programming aired by PBS in the United States. The target audience is children between the ages of 2 and 8.[2] PBS Kids brand programming is aired daily on most local PBS stations during a daytime block, typically scheduled in the morning hours, in addition to a separate 24/7 channel (sometimes called the PBS Kids Channel or PBS Kids 24/7). Both the block and 24/7 service are broadcast over the air, via cable and satellite providers and on streaming platforms. Select programming is also available internationally.[3]

History

[edit]

PTV block

[edit]

PBS had historically aired programs for children such as Sesame Street, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, and Reading Rainbow; prior to 1993, these programs aired under general PBS branding. In August 1993, PBS introduced new branding for their children's programs featuring the "P-Pals", animated characters shaped like the PBS "P-head" logo who encouraged skills such as gathering information, self-esteem, cooperation and achieving goals in specially-developed interstitials.

The framework for PBS Kids was established as part of PBS' "Ready to Learn" initiative, a project intended to facilitate access of early childhood educational programming to underprivileged children.[4] On July 11, 1994, PBS repackaged their existing children's educational programming as a new block titled "PTV", airing on 11 member stations at launch.[5][6] In addition to scheduled educational programming, PTV also incorporated interstitial content with the P-Pals in their fictional world "PTV Park" for younger children.[5] Older children were targeted with live-action and music video interstitials.[5]

Apple Computer provided a $1.5 million grant to PTV and became its first national underwriter on June 26, 1995, as part of their "Bring Learning Home" corporate initiative.[7] A "Ready To Learn" grant unveiled on January 8, 1996, supported the development of Dragon Tales and Between the Lions, which premiered in 1999 and 2000, respectively, as well as their online activities and outreach efforts.[8] By September 1996, 95 PBS stations reaching three quarters of the United States were carrying the PTV service.[9] Starting on October 7, 1996, PBS packaged their programs for school-aged children into the block The Game, airing on 31 stations by the end of the year.

PBS Kids

[edit]

On January 18, 1999, PBS announced that it would launch the PBS Kids Channel, meant to be the centerpiece of a larger initiative, in September.[10] On June 9, PBS revealed a wide rebranding of its children's programs and services, known as PBS Kids, at its annual meeting in San Francisco. PBS would also increase its children's programming budget by 25% and commit to two new series: Caillou and Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series.[11]

The rebranding to "PBS Kids" first took effect on September 6, 1999, when PBS launched the 24-hour PBS Kids Channel.[12] The new PBS Kids branding elements began rolling out on PBS stations in October; PBS provided grants to stations who adopted the new branding early. Brand designers incorporated a thought bubble concept across the brand packaging, intended to associate "imagination, thinking and using your head" with PBS Kids.[12] Included with the new on-air appearance was a bright green logo featuring iconic boy and girl mascot characters Dash and Dot. The PBS Kids website was relaunched with some new areas on February 1, 2000.[13]

The PBS Kids Channel was shut down on September 26, 2005, in favor of a new commercial cable and satellite joint venture channel, PBS Kids Sprout. However, the PBS Kids block continued on the PBS daytime schedule.

One year prior to the launch of PBS Kids Sprout, PBS developed PBS Kids Go!, a sub-brand of PBS Kids, which debuted in October 2004. This programming block was directed at the oldest subset of the existing PBS Kids demographic (generally ages 6 to 8). This spurred plans for a new 24/7 service, which PBS offered as a replacement early school-aged kids network by April 2006. The PBS Kids Go! Channel was intended to be launched in October 2006,[14] but was later cancelled before launch.[15] Amid 2011 research which revealed that the PBS Kids brand was more recognizable than PBS Kids Go!, and ratings which showed preschoolers and school-age children watching each other's shows, PBS Kids received another graphic redesign and the PBS Kids Go! branding was dissolved on October 7, 2013, coinciding with the debut of Peg + Cat.[16]

PBS revived the PBS Kids Channel on January 16, 2017, this time being structured as a multi-platform service with an online livestream of the channel on the PBS Kids website and video app, in addition to utilizing largely the same distribution methods that had been used for the original channel.[17] At the time of launch, no changes were made to the main PBS Kids block on PBS. The block is counter programmed from the channel, thus the same show would not be shown at the same time on the channel and block.[18][19][20]

In November 2020, PBS Kids, in association with the main PBS service, became the terrestrial television home of select specials from the Peanuts animated library, under a sub-licensing agreement with Apple TV+.[21] The agreement allowed both PBS and the PBS Kids Channel to air It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown, A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving, and A Charlie Brown Christmas over the air, once per year. After the 2021 holiday season, the agreement with PBS ended, and since then, the Peanuts specials have not aired on American broadcast television.[22]

Former logo used before re-branding in 2022, this logo was first introduced in 1999; shown here is the 2009 version with former mascot Dash in it

On July 19, 2022, PBS Kids introduced a new brand identity by Lippincott; the rebranding incorporates aspects of the current PBS branding also developed by Lippincott, changing its logo to an electric blue circle with a tweaked version of the existing PBS Kids wordmark (which was maintained in order to preserve brand recognition for younger viewers), set in green and white. The Dash mascot was discontinued (the Dot variant had already been discontinued by 2013), but supplanted by a new system of customizable cartoon characters seen in promos, which have customizable facial features, skin tones, and disability aids to reflect a diverse youth audience and how they portray themselves.[23]

In February 2023, a major shift in program scheduling reduced the duration of the daytime PBS Kids block on local PBS stations significantly.[24][25] Previously, the PBS Kids block encompassed a much larger portion of the daytime schedule, including both before- and after-school hours throughout the morning and afternoon. Many PBS stations had already begun transitioning to shorter morning blocks, but this change pushed nearly all stations to shorten their daytime children's schedules to morning hours only. PBS cited changes in viewing behaviors, and decided that it was advantageous to focus their children's programming in the mornings and cater to more general audiences in the afternoons, while continuing to grow their audience on the 24/7 kids service.[26]

Streaming and on-demand video

[edit]

As online streaming began to increase in popularity, PBS launched the PBS Kids Go! video player on its website on September 8, 2008. This federally-funded, innovative video streaming platform featured video clips from a number of PBS Kids Go! shows which rotated on a weekly basis and linked to interactive online games.[27] The video player later expanded to include all PBS Kids programming, and the entire platform evolved into the PBS Kids Video app, which initially became publicly available for free on May 12, 2011.[28] The PBS Kids Video app is currently the primary source for free streaming of on-demand video clips and full episodes of PBS Kids programming. The app also features a free live stream of the 24/7 PBS Kids Channel.

On May 8, 2013, PBS Kids programming was added to the Roku streaming player.[29]

On July 1, 2016, Amazon Prime Video and PBS Distribution entered into a multi-year agreement which saw several PBS Kids series on other streaming services move to Amazon Prime Video.[30] The PBS Kids subscription allows families to stream nearly all PBS Kids programs currently broadcast on air; however, notable exceptions exist, namely Sesame Street, which streams on Max,[31] and Curious George, which streams on NBCUniversal's Peacock.[32] The PBS Kids add-on service also includes several retired series, such as Reading Rainbow, Kratts' Creatures, and It's a Big Big World.

On April 23, 2024, The Roku Channel added PBS Retro, a free ad-supported streaming channel,[33] which consists of retired PBS Kids programming, such as Mister Rogers' Neighborhood and Reading Rainbow.[34]

International distribution

[edit]

A selection of PBS Kids brand programming is available outside of the United States through PBS Distribution, PBS International and GBH, who jointly offer a PBS Kids subscription channel and on-demand video services to international audiences.[35]

PBS Distribution partnered with MultiChoice to launch PBS Kids on May 22, 2019, on DStv and GOtv platforms across its Sub-Saharan Africa footprint.[36]

PBS Distribution partnered with Foxtel to launch PBS Kids on July 1, 2021, in Australia.[37] The channel was discontinued two years later on July 1, 2023.[38][39]

Programming

[edit]

For list of all PBS Kids programs, see List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids.

Programming blocks

[edit]

Current

[edit]

Former

[edit]

Critical reception

[edit]

PBS Kids programming has historically received generally positive reviews from television critics and parents of young children. L.A. Story (a division of Blogspot) wrote, "Great for any little explorer!"[47] Rob Owen of Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote, "Best children's entertainment available".[48] Valerie Williams of Scary Mommy wrote, "A wonderful gift".[49] Steve Aquino of Forbes wrote, "Making learning accessible in the coronavirus age".[50]

24/7 network

[edit]
PBS Kids Channel
TypeDigital broadcast TV network (children's programming)
CountryUnited States, Sub-Saharan Africa
Broadcast areaNationwide (via OTA digital television)
AffiliatesList of affiliates
HeadquartersCrystal City, Virginia, U.S.
Programming
Picture format480i (SDTV)
(some affiliates transmit PBS Kids programming in 1080i 16:9 and 720p 16:9)
Ownership
OwnerPBS
History
FoundedJanuary 18, 1999; 25 years ago (1999-01-18) (original)
February 23, 2016; 8 years ago (2016-02-23) (revival)
LaunchedSeptember 6, 1999; 25 years ago (1999-09-06) (original)
January 16, 2017; 7 years ago (2017-01-16) (revival)
ClosedSeptember 26, 2005; 19 years ago (2005-09-26) (original)
Replaced byPBS Kids Sprout (original)
Links
WebcastPBS Kids Live TV
Websitepbskids.org

The PBS Kids Channel (also known as PBS Kids 24/7) is an American digital broadcast and online television network operated by the Public Broadcasting Service. The network features a broad mix of live action and animated children's programs distributed to PBS by independent companies and select member stations, which are designed for improving the early literacy, math, and social-emotional skills of young children ages 3 to 9.[51] Some PBS member stations, most notably KLCS in Los Angeles and WDCQ-TV in Bad Axe, Michigan, maintain their own locally programmed PBS Kids feed that is independent from the nationally sourced feed.

The PBS Kids Channel has had two iterations in the age of digital television; one which existed between 1999 and 2005, and the current version which was launched in 2017.

Network history

[edit]

Original channel (1999-2005)

[edit]

On September 6, 1999, PBS launched a 24-hour PBS Kids network in several markets, in conjunction with the overall introduction of the PBS Kids brand to provide a unified branding for the service's children's programming offerings. The separate network (referred to as the PBS Kids Channel in press materials) was available on high-tier subscription providers, and was also offered to PBS member stations for use on a "cablecast" service (a subscription-based local channel provided by the member station) or for use on the member station's free-to-air analog channel to provide a portion of the daytime PBS Kids programming on the station. Participating stations were required to pay an annual fee of $1,000 to use the feed. The channel was launched on over 30 PBS member stations with carriage methods ranging from a cable-only service, to a standard-definition digital subchannel, to analog simulcasts.[12] Additional affiliates would pick up the channel later throughout the fall and winter of 1999.[citation needed]

FCC requirements mandated satellite providers to set aside 4% of their available channel space for noncommercial educational and informational programming. With these providers limited to offering one such service per programmer, PBS had put forth PBS Kids as a prospective channel to fulfill this mandate.[52]

The channel was largely funded by satellite provider DirecTV.[53] It was partly created to compete against the Nick Jr. block and its sister network Noggin; at the time, Noggin was co-owned by the Children's Television Workshop (the production company behind Sesame Street) and Nickelodeon.[12][54] Because the pay-TV rights to the Children's Television Workshop's programs were owned by Noggin, the channel did not broadcast CTW programming, including longtime PBS staple Sesame Street, though an exception was made with the CTW-produced Dragon Tales (which premiered on the same day as the launch of the PBS Kids Channel).[citation needed]

The channel was unsuccessful and had only reached 9 million households as of 2002, compared to Noggin's 23.3 million households at the time.[55] In the aftermath of DirecTV's decision not to renew its funding agreement with the channel, which ended in the third quarter of 2005,[53] PBS decided to shut down the network on September 26 of that year.[failed verification] The PBS Kids Channel was effectively supplanted on that date by PBS Kids Sprout, an advertiser-supported cable and satellite channel that PBS developed in a joint venture with Sesame Workshop, HIT Entertainment and Comcast (the latter of which later bought full control of the network via NBCUniversal).[56]

PBS gave local stations an option to sign on PBS Kids Sprout promoters, providing them cross-promotional and monetary benefits in exchange for giving up the ability to carry a competing preschool-targeted channel. For example, PBS member station WBGU-TV aired promotional spots for PBS Kids Sprout during their PBS Kids daytime block,[57] thereby forfeiting their eligibility to air a children's channel locally. 80 stations, making up about half of the member stations participants, signed up to be promoters; most of the remaining stations opted to develop independent children's programming services featuring programs distributed by PBS and through outside distributors such as American Public Television to fill space on digital subchannels that formerly served as PBS Kids Channel members.[15] Many of the member stations that launched children's-focused subchannel or cable-only services reduced the amount of sourced programming from PBS Kids carried on their primary channel to a few hours of their weekday daytime schedules, in order to program more adult-targeted fare during the afternoon.[15]

Canceled replacement

[edit]

The closure of the PBS Kids Channel left many local PBS stations with a vacancy on their multicast digital channel offerings, during a time when digital and high-definition broadcasts were increasing reach and gaining popularity. In April 2006, PBS announced plans for a replacement 24-hour digital multicast network called the PBS Kids Go! Channel. This would expand upon the afternoon PBS Kids Go! block on PBS, with additional new content and reruns of returning programs, such as HIT Entertainment's Wishbone and Kratts' Creatures. Other exclusive content for this channel would include a one-hour Spanish-language block called "PBS Kids Vayan!" (Spanish for "Go!", which would air select shows in Spanish with English subtitles), an evening "Go! Family" block, and an educational "Go! Figure" school block.[58][14]

The PBS Kids Go! Channel was originally set to launch in October 2006. However, stations found that the sliding scale licensing fees were too high for what little exclusive programming they would have received, especially after spending additional funds for the PBS HD feed. With only one-third of PBS stations initially committing to carry the new network, the plans for the channel were ultimately withdrawn.[59]

Revived channel (2017-present)

[edit]

On February 23, 2016, PBS announced that the 24/7 PBS Kids Channel would be revived after 11 years.[60] PBS president and CEO Paula Kerger stated that during PBS's partnership with Comcast in their operations of Sprout, PBS had discovered the valuable position in children's programming during prime time.[61]

Originally set for a fall 2016 relaunch, the PBS Kids Channel was ultimately relaunched on January 16, 2017.[20] Structured as a multi-platform service, it was made available for distribution to digital subchannels of participating PBS member stations, initially launching on 73 member stations (counting those operated as subregional PBS member networks), with an additional 34 agreeing to begin carrying the network at a later date.[62] An online live stream of the PBS Kids Channel was also added to the PBS Kids website and video app upon the channel's debut, allowing viewers to toggle from the program being aired to a related educational game extending the interactivity introduced by Sesame Street. The free online livestream also allows viewers to access the 24/7 channel even in areas where some local PBS stations, such as WUFT in Gainesville, Florida and WEIU-TV in Charleston, Illinois, do not carry it on its subchannels. The PBS Kids Channel is also available on both DirecTV and DirecTV Stream on channel 288.[63]

The PBS Kids Channel is counterprogrammed from the PBS Kids block on PBS, so that the same program would not be shown on either simultaneously. It mainly features double-runs of existing series on PBS Kids' schedule (including some not carried on the primary channels of certain member stations); as such, no additional programs had to be acquired to help fill the channel's schedule.[18] On April 21, 2017, the channel launched "PBS Kids Family Night," a weekly block on Friday evenings (with encore airings on Saturday and Sunday evenings) that showcase themed programming, premieres or special "movie-length" episodes of new and existing PBS Kids children's programs.[51][20][18][64]

Affiliates

[edit]
City of license/
market
Station Channel Operator Affiliation tenure
(original network)
Local channel[65] Affiliation date
(revived network)[66]

Alabama

[edit]
Birmingham WBIQ 10.2 Alabama Public Television January 16, 2017
Demopolis WIIQ 41.2
Dozier WDIQ 2.2
Florence WFIQ 36.2
Huntsville WHIQ 25.2
Louisville WGIQ 43.2
Mobile WEIQ 42.2
Montgomery WAIQ 26.2
Mount Cheaha WCIQ 7.2

Alaska

[edit]
Anchorage KAKM 7.4 Alaska Public Telecommunications TBD
Fairbanks KUAC-TV 9.8 University of Alaska Fairbanks

Arkansas

[edit]
Arkadelphia KETG 9.3 Arkansas Educational Television Network January 16, 2017
El Dorado KETZ 12.3
Fayetteville KAFT 13.3
Jonesboro KTEJ 19.3
Little Rock KETS 2.3
Mountain View KEMV 6.3

Arizona

[edit]
Phoenix KAET 8.4 Arizona State University January 16, 2017
Tucson KUAT-TV 6.2 Arizona Public Media 2003–2005 2005–2017

California

[edit]
Eureka KEET 13.5 Redwood Empire Public Television, Inc. January 16, 2017
Fresno KVPT 18.2 Valley Public Television, Inc.
Huntington Beach
(serves Los Angeles)
KOCE-TV[67] 50.5 KOCE Foundation
Los Angeles KLCS 58.2 Los Angeles Unified School District 2004–present
Sacramento KVIE 6.4 KVIE, Inc. January 16, 2017
San Diego KPBS 15.4 San Diego State University
San Jose
(San Francisco)
KQEH and KQED 54.4 and 9.4
Comcast 192
Northern California Public Broadcasting[15][68] August 1, 2003 – January 15, 2017
Watsonville
(serves the Monterey Bay area)
KQET 25.4

Comcast 192

Colorado

[edit]
Denver KRMA-TV 6.2 Rocky Mountain PBS TBD
Durango KRMU 20.2
Grand Junction KRMJ 18.2
Pueblo KTSC 8.2
Steamboat Springs KRMZ 24.2

Connecticut

[edit]
Bridgeport WEDW 49.4 LocusPoint Networks TBD
New Haven WEDY 65.4
Hartford WEDH 24.4 Connecticut Public Television
Norwich
(serves eastern Connecticut, including New London)
WEDN 53.4

District of Columbia

[edit]
Washington WETA-TV 26.3 Greater Washington Educational Telecommunications Association 2007–[15] 2019 August 2019
WHUT-TV 32.2 Howard University January 16, 2017

Florida

[edit]
Fort Myers WGCU 30.5 Florida Gulf Coast University January 16, 2017
Jacksonville WJCT 7.5 WJCT, Inc.
Miami WPBT 2.4 South Florida PBS
West Palm Beach WXEL-TV 42.3
Orlando WUCF-TV 24.3 University of Central Florida
Panama City WFSG 56.4 Florida State University
Tallahassee WFSU-TV 11.4
Pensacola WSRE 23.4 Pensacola Junior College TBD
Tampa-St. Petersburg WEDU 3.2 Florida West Coast Public Broadcasting, Inc.
WEDQ 16.2 University of South Florida Currently

Georgia

[edit]
Atlanta APS
(evenings)[12]
22
(cable-only)
Atlanta Public Schools September 6, 1999 – 2005
Athens
(Atlanta)
WGTV 8.4 Georgia Public Broadcasting January 16, 2017
Chatsworth WNGH-TV 18.4
Cochran WMUM-TV 29.4
Columbus WJSP-TV 28.4
Dawson WACS-TV 25.4
Pelham WABW-TV 14.4
Savannah WVAN-TV 9.4
Waycross
(serves Valdosta and Brunswick)
WXGA-TV 8.4
Wrens WCES-TV 20.4

Hawaii

[edit]
Honolulu KHET 11.2 Hawaii Public Television July 1, 2003 October 1, 2005 January 16, 2017
Wailuku (serves Maui) KMEB 10.2

Idaho

[edit]
Boise KAID 4.5 Idaho State Department of Education February 1, 2018
Coeur D'Alene
(part of the Spokane, Washington market)
KCDT 26.5
Moscow KUID-TV 12.5
Pocatello KISU-TV 10.5
Twin Falls KIPT 13.5

Illinois

[edit]
Carbondale WSIU-TV 8.5 Southern Illinois University TBD
Olney WUSI-TV 19.5
Chicago WTTW 11.4 Window to the World Communications January 16, 2017
Peoria[69] WTVP 47.2 Illinois Valley Public Telecommunications Corporation
Urbana
(Springfield)[70]
WILL-TV 12.2 University of Illinois

Indiana

[edit]
Bloomington WTIU 30.4 Indiana University .3
(12:00–6:00 p.m.)
TIU Family (ended January 30, 2017)
January 30, 2017
Fort Wayne WFWA 39.2 Fort Wayne Public Television 2005 Kids39 (2005-2017) January 16, 2017
Indianapolis WFYI 20.2 Metropolitan Indianapolis Public Broadcasting TBD
South Bend WNIT 34.3 Michiana Public Broadcasting
Vincennes
(serves Southwestern Indiana including Evansville and Terre Haute)
WVUT 22.3 Vincennes University January 16, 2017

Iowa

[edit]
Council Bluffs KBIN-TV 32.4 Iowa Public Television current (all .2)
IPTV Learn (10:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.)
TBD
Davenport KQIN 36.4
Des Moines KDIN-TV 11.4
Fort Dodge KTIN 21.4
Iowa City KIIN 12.4
Mason City KYIN 24.4
Red Oak KHIN 36.4
Sioux City KSIN-TV 27.4
Waterloo KRIN 32.4

Kansas

[edit]
Colby KWKS 19.2 Smoky Hills Public Television January 16, 2017
Dodge City KDCK 21.2
Hays KOOD 9.2
Lakin KSWK 3.2
Topeka KTWU 11.2 Washburn University Current
Hutchinson/Wichita KPTS 8.4 Kansas Public Telecommunications Service

Kentucky

[edit]
Ashland WKAS 25.4 Kentucky Authority for Educational Television January 16, 2017
Bowling Green WKGB-TV 53.4
Covington WCVN-TV 54.4
Elizabethtown WKZT-TV 23.4
Hazard WKHA 35.4
Lexington WKLE 46.4
Louisville WKPC-TV 15.4
Madisonville WKMA-TV 35.4
Morehead WKMR 38.4
Murray WKMU 21.4
Owensboro WKOH 31.4
Owenton WKON 52.4
Paducah WKPD 29.4
Pikeville WKPI-TV 22.4
Somerset WKSO-TV 29.4

Louisiana

[edit]
Alexandria KLPA-TV 25.2 Louisiana Educational Television Authority January 16, 2017
Baton Rouge WLPB-TV 27.2
Lafayette KLPB-TV 24.2
Lake Charles KLTL-TV 24.2
Monroe KLTM-TV 13.2
New Orleans WYES-TV 12.4 Greater New Orleans Educational Television Foundation TBD
Shreveport KLTS-TV 24.2 Louisiana Educational Television Authority January 16, 2017

Massachusetts

[edit]
Boston WGBX-TV[71] 44.4 WGBH Educational Foundation January 16, 2017
Springfield WGBY-TV[72] 57.3

Maryland

[edit]
Annapolis WMPT 22.3 Maryland Public Television MPT Select
(daytime hours only)[15]
January 16, 2017
Baltimore WMPB 67.3
Frederick WFPT 62.3
Hagerstown WWPB 31.3
Oakland WGPT 36.3
Salisbury WCPB 28.3

Maine

[edit]
Augusta WCBB 10.4 Maine Public Broadcasting January 16, 2017
Biddeford
(Portland)
WMEA-TV 26.4
Calais WMED-TV 13.4
Orono
(Bangor)
WMEB-TV 12.4
Presque Isle WMEM-TV 10.4

Michigan

[edit]
Alpena WCML 6.2 Central Michigan University January 16, 2017
Cadillac WCMV 27.2
Mount Pleasant
(part of the Bay City/Saginaw/Midland market)
WCMU-TV 26.2
Flint WCMZ-TV 28.2 January 16, 2017 – April 23, 2018 [73]
Bad Axe
(serves Flint, Saginaw and Bay City)
WDCQ-TV 19.4 Delta College Current
Detroit WTVS 56.2 Detroit Educational Television Foundation January 16, 2017
East Lansing WKAR-TV 23.4 Michigan State University
Grand Rapids WGVU-TV 35.5 Grand Valley State University TBD
Kalamazoo WGVK 52.5
Marquette WNMU 13.2 Northern Michigan University January 16, 2017

Minnesota

[edit]
Appleton KWCM-TV 10.5 West Central Minnesota Educational Television TBD
Bemidji KAWE 9.3 Northern Minnesota Public Television January 16, 2017
Brainerd KAWB 22.3
Crookston KCGE-DT 16.4 Prairie Public Television
St. Paul KTCA-TV 2.4 Twin Cities PBS
Worthington KSMN 20.5 West Central Minnesota Educational Television TBD

Mississippi

[edit]
Biloxi WMAH-TV 19.2 Mississippi Public Broadcasting January 16, 2017
Booneville WMAE-TV 12.2
Bude WMAU-TV 17.2
Columbia W45AA-D 45.2
Greenwood WMAO-TV 23.2
Jackson WMPN-TV 29.2
Meridian WMAW-TV 14.2
Mississippi State WMAB-TV 2.2
Oxford WMAV-TV 18.2

Missouri

[edit]
Joplin KOZJ 26.2 Missouri State University January 16, 2017
Springfield KOZK 21.2
Kansas City KCPT 19.4 Public TV 19, Inc.
Sedalia KMOS-TV 6.4 University of Central Missouri
St. Louis KETC 9.2 St. Louis Regional Public Media, Inc.

Montana

[edit]
Billings KBGS-TV 16.2 Montana State University January 16, 2017
Bozeman KUSM-TV 9.2
Helena KUHM-TV 10.2
Kalispell KUKL-TV 46.2
Missoula KUFM-TV 11.2

Nebraska

[edit]
Alliance KTNE-TV 13.4 Nebraska Educational Telecommunications March 1, 2017
Bassett KMNE-TV 7.4
Hastings KHNE-TV 29.4
Lexington KLNE-TV 3.4
Lincoln KUON-TV 12.4
Merriman KRNE-TV 12.4
Norfolk KXNE-TV 19.4
North Platte KPNE-TV 9.4
Omaha KYNE-TV 26.4

Nevada

[edit]
Las Vegas KLVX 10.3 Clark County School District January 16, 2017
Reno KNPB 5.3 Channel 5 Public Broadcasting

New Jersey

[edit]
Newark
(New York City)
WNET 13.2 Educational Broadcasting Corporation January 16, 2017

New Mexico

[edit]
Albuquerque KNME-TV 5.2 University of New Mexico January 16, 2017
Las Cruces KRWG-TV 22.3 University of New Mexico TBD

New York

[edit]
Binghamton WSKG-TV 46.6 WSKG Public Telecommunications Council[74] February 1, 2017
Corning WSKA 30.6
Buffalo WNED-TV 17.3 Western New York Public Broadcasting Association TBD
Norwood WNPI-DT 18.4 St. Lawrence Valley Educational TV Council, Inc. January 16, 2017
Watertown WPBS-TV 16.4
Plattsburgh WCFE-TV 57.3 Mountain Lake Public Telecommunications Council
Rochester WXXI-TV 21.4 WXXI Public Broadcasting Council February 2017
Schenectady
(Albany)
WMHT 17.4 WMHT Educational Telecommunications January 16, 2017
Syracuse WCNY-TV 24.4 Public Broadcasting Council of Central New York

North Carolina

[edit]
Asheville WUNF-TV 33.2 University of North Carolina January 16, 2017
Canton WUNW 27.3
Chapel Hill WUNC-TV 4.2
Concord WUNG-TV 58.2
Edenton WUND-TV 2.2
Greenville WUNK-TV 25.2
Jacksonville WUNM-TV 19.3
Linville WUNE-TV 17.3
Lumberton WUNU 31.2
Roanoke Rapids WUNP-TV 36.3
Wilmington WUNJ-TV 39.2
Winston-Salem WUNL-TV 26.2

North Dakota

[edit]
Bismarck KBME-TV 3.4 Prairie Public Television January 16, 2017
Devils Lake KMDE 25.4
Dickinson KDSE 9.4
Ellendale KJRE 19.4
Fargo KFME 13.4
Minot KSRE 6.4
Williston KWSE 4.4

Ohio

[edit]
Akron, Ohio WNEO 49
Athens OU Telecomm. Center cable-only Ohio University[12] September 6, 1999–present
(mornings and weekends)
Bowling Green WBGU-TV 27.2 Bowling Green State University Current
Cleveland WVIZ 25.5 Ideastream January 16, 2017
Columbus WOSU-TV 34.4 WOSU Public Media
Portsmouth WPBO-TV 42.4
Dayton WPTD 16.5 Public Media Connect
Oxford WPTO 14.3
Toledo WGTE-TV 30.2 Public Broadcasting Foundation of Northwest Ohio

Oklahoma

[edit]
Cheyenne KWET 12.4 Oklahoma Educational Television Authority[15]
  • .4 (2006–2009)
  • OETA OKLA .2
  • (daytime: 2009–2013)
  • .4 (2013–2017)
January 16, 2017
Eufaula KOET 3.4
Oklahoma City KETA-TV 13.4
Tulsa KOED-TV 11.4
Oklahoma City and Tulsa OETA Kids cable 2009–2013

Oregon

[edit]
Bend KOAB-TV 11.3 Oregon Public Broadcasting January 16, 2017
Corvallis KOAC-TV 7.3
Eugene KEPB-TV 29.3
La Grande KTVR 13.3
Portland KOPB-TV 10.3

Pennsylvania

[edit]
Clearfield WPSU-TV 3.4 Penn State Public Media January 16, 2017
Philadelphia WHYY 12.3 WHYY Inc.
Pittsburgh WQED 13.5 WQED Multimedia
Scranton WVIA-TV 44.2 Northeast Pennsylvania Educational Television Association

Puerto Rico

[edit]
Fajardo WMTJ 40.2 Ana G. Méndez University Current January 16, 2017
Ponce WQTO 26.2

South Carolina

[edit]
Allendale WEBA-TV 14.4 South Carolina Educational Television TBD
Beaufort WJWJ-TV 16.4
Charleston WITV 7.4
Columbia WRLK-TV 35.4
Conway WHMC 23.4
Florence WJPM-TV 33.4
Greenville WNTV 29.4
Greenwood WNEH 38.4
Rock Hill WNSC-TV 30.4
Spartanburg WRET-TV 49.4
Sumter WRJA-TV 27.4

South Dakota

[edit]
Aberdeen KDSD-TV 16.4 South Dakota Public Broadcasting January 16, 2017
Brookings KESD-TV 8.4
Eagle Butte KPSD-TV 13.4
Lowry KQSD-TV 11.4
Martin KZSD-TV 8.4
Pierre KTSD-TV 10.4
Rapid City KBHE-TV 9.4
Sioux Falls KCSD-TV 23.4
Vermillion KUSD-TV 2.4

Tennessee

[edit]
Chattanooga WTCI 45.3 Greater Chattanooga Public Television January 2017
Cookeville WCTE 22.4 Upper Cumberland Broadcast Council TBD
Knoxville WKOP-TV 15.2 East Tennessee PBS January 16, 2017
Lexington
(Jackson)
WLJT-DT 11.2 West Tennessee Public Television Council, Inc.
Memphis WKNO 10.3 Mid-South Public Communications Foundation
Nashville WNPT-TV 8.3 Nashville Public Television, Inc. 2017–present June 30, 2017
Sneedville WETP-TV 2.2 East Tennessee PBS January 16, 2017

Texas

[edit]
Amarillo KACV-TV 2.2 Amarillo College TBD
Austin KLRU 18.4 Capital of Texas Public Telecommunications Council January 16, 2017
Belton
(Waco)
KNCT 46.2 Central Texas College
College Station KAMU-TV 12.3 Texas A&M University
Dallas KERA-TV 13.2 North Texas Public Broadcasting
Houston KUHT 8.3 University of Houston
Lubbock KTTZ-TV 5.3 Texas Tech University
Odessa KPBT-TV 36.2 Permian Basin Public Telecommunications, Inc. July 6, 2020 [75]
San Antonio KLRN 9.3 Alamo Public Telecommunications Council April 1, 2017 [76]

Utah

[edit]
Salt Lake City KUED 7.3 University of Utah March 7, 2017
St. George KUEW 18.3

Virginia

[edit]
Hampton-Norfolk WHRO-TV 15.3 Hampton Roads Educational Telecommunications Association January 16, 2017
Roanoke WBRA-TV 15.3 Blue Ridge PBS

Virgin Islands

[edit]
Charlotte Amalie WTJX-TV 12.2 Virgin Islands Public Broadcasting System January 16, 2017

Vermont

[edit]
Burlington WETK 33.4 Vermont PBS January 16, 2017
Rutland WVER 28.4
St. Johnsbury WVTB 20.4
Windsor WVTA 41.4

Washington

[edit]
Seattle KCTS-TV 9.2 Cascade Public Media TBD
Yakima KYVE 47.2
Spokane KSPS-TV 7.4 KSPS Public Television September 2017
(April 1, 2017, on cable)

Wisconsin

[edit]
Green Bay WPNE-TV 38.4 PBS Wisconsin January 16, 2017
La Crosse WHLA-TV 31.4
Madison WHA-TV 21.4
Menomonie WHWC-TV 28.4
Park Falls WLEF-TV 36.4
Wausau WHRM-TV 20.4
Milwaukee WMVS 10.3 Milwaukee PBS
Milwaukee Area Technical College

West Virginia

[edit]
Grandview WSWP-TV 9.3 West Virginia Public Broadcasting January 16, 2017
Huntington WVPB-TV 33.3
Morgantown WNPB-TV 24.3

Wyoming

[edit]
Casper KPTW 6.3 Central Wyoming College TBD
Lander KCWC-DT 4.3
Laramie (serves Cheyenne) KWYP-DT 8.3

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Some public television children's programs are not produced by PBS member stations or transmitted by PBS. Instead, they are produced by independent public television distributors such as American Public Television, and are therefore not labeled as "PBS Kids" programming, as it is mainly a programming block branding.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "PBS | Ombudsman | Caution: That Program May Not Be From PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  2. ^ "PBS KIDS". PBS KIDS for Parents. Retrieved January 18, 2022.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ "Linear Channels". PBS Distribution. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  4. ^ Chozick, Amy (January 1, 2012). "PBS Takes On the Premium Channels". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2015. PBS Kids ... was originally created for underprivileged young viewers who lacked access to early-childhood education.
  5. ^ a b c Bedford, Karen Everhart (June 6, 1994). "Goal for Ready to Learn: engage kids and parents". current.org/. Current.org. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  6. ^ Pierce, Charles P. (January 22, 1995). "Building a Better Fun Factory : For Years, PBS Had a Monopoly on Quality Children's Programming. Now It's Being Challenged by Brash Upstart Nickelodeon, Which May Prove a Bigger Threat Than a Republican Congress Ever Will". Los Angeles Times. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 9, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  7. ^ "Apple Computer Provides $1.5 Million Grant to PBS's School-Readiness Service" (Press release). PBS. June 26, 1995. Archived from the original on December 25, 1996.
  8. ^ "CPB Funds New Educational Programs" (Press release). Corporation for Public Broadcasting. January 8, 1996. Archived from the original on July 18, 1997.
  9. ^ "Education Secretary Marks National Launch of PBS Kids' Service" (Press release). PBS. September 5, 1996. Archived from the original on December 25, 1996.
  10. ^ "PBS Kids Initiative to Launch in July" (Press release). PBS. January 18, 1999. Archived from the original on April 18, 1999.
  11. ^ "PBS Affirms Leadership in Children's Programming Through New Programming, Branding, Other Initiatives" (Press release). PBS. June 9, 1999.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Bedford, Karen Everhart (August 30, 1999). "Multi-purpose PBS Kids takes flight next week". Current.org. Archived from the original on December 16, 1999. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  13. ^ "Young Surfers Can Go 'Behind the Scenes' and Interact with Their Favorite Characters at the Relaunched PBS Kids Web Site -- pbskids.org" (Press release). PBS. February 1, 2000. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000.
  14. ^ a b c Egner, Jeremy (April 3, 2006). "World and Go! streams flow into PBS plans". Current. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g June-Friesen, Katy (January 12, 2009). "Many stations packaging their own kids' channels". Current. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  16. ^ a b "PBS Kids Go! goes bye-bye as colorful branding revamp rolls out to stations". Current.org. August 7, 2013. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
  17. ^ Evans, Greg (February 23, 2016). "PBS To Launch PBS Kids – A 24/7 Children's Channel And Live Stream". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  18. ^ a b c "PBS KIDS widens access with 24/7 channel offerings". Kidscreen. February 23, 2016. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  19. ^ Koblin, John (February 22, 2016). "PBS Is Creating a Channel Exclusively for Children". The New York Times. p. B3. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  20. ^ a b c "PBS Chief Paula Kerger Talks 'Sesame Street' Changes, Spectrum Auction". Variety. July 28, 2016. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  21. ^ Steinberg, Brian (November 18, 2020). "You're on PBS, Charlie Brown: Apple Will Share 'Peanuts' Holiday Specials With Public TV". Variety. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  22. ^ Grantham-Philips, Wyatte (December 10, 2022). "It's not on TV this year: How to watch 'A Charlie Brown Christmas' for free starting Thursday". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  23. ^ Hill, Michael P. (July 1, 2023). "PBS Kids bids farewell to 'Dash' character in logo, branding update". NewscastStudio. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  24. ^ "Daytime Schedule changes for PBS Fort Wayne – PBS Fort Wayne". PBS Fort Wayne. February 6, 2023. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  25. ^ "New Daytime Schedule for WKAR-HD Begins Feb. 6". WKAR Public Media. February 6, 2023. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  26. ^ Wakeman, Gregory (December 22, 2022). "PBS, stations revamp afternoon schedules to draw adults". Current. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  27. ^ "PBS KIDS GO! Debuts Full-Screen Online Video Player". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  28. ^ "PBS Brings Award-Winning Children's Programming to iPad with New App". PBS. May 12, 2011. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  29. ^ Moskovciak, Matthew (May 8, 2013). "Roku's PBS, PBS Kids channels go live, stream full episodes". CNet. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  30. ^ Gettell, Oliver (July 1, 2016). "'Daniel Tiger' and more PBS Kids shows leaving Netflix, Hulu". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  31. ^ Weprin, Alex (November 3, 2022). "How 'Sesame Street' Is Preparing for a Future Beyond Its HBO Max Deal". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  32. ^ Spangler, Todd (March 17, 2016). "'Curious George' All Seasons Coming to Hulu in Exclusive Streaming Deal". Variety. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  33. ^ Bouma, Luke (April 23, 2024). "The Roku Channel Adds 9 New Free Live Channels, Including PBS Retro". Cord Cutters News. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  34. ^ "PBS Retro - The Roku Channel". Roku. Retrieved April 24, 2024. Watch classic PBS shows for kids 24/7 – from Reading Rainbow to Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood!
  35. ^ "PBS International brings high-quality documentary, lifestyle, and children's programming to the international marketplace". PBS International. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  36. ^ "More Children's Entertainment added to DStv and GOtv with the launch of PBS KIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa". Namibia Daily News. May 20, 2020. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  37. ^ "FOXTEL expands family offering with two new dedicated kids channels - DreamWorks and PBS KIDS". TV Blackbox. June 25, 2021. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  38. ^ Knox, David (May 24, 2023). "Foxtel to drop PBS Kids channel". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  39. ^ "beIN SPORTS and PBS Kids channel changes". help.foxtel.com.au. Foxtel. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  40. ^ "PBS Will Launch Family Night on New PBS Kids Channel". variety.com. January 15, 2017. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
  41. ^ Elliott, Belinda (February 12, 2024). "WHRO - Don't Miss PBS Kids Family Night Every Saturday & Sunday". whro.org. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
  42. ^ "PBS Kids Family Nights - AZPM". www.azpm.org. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  43. ^ "Current.org | PBS shows for older kids". current.org. Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  44. ^ Everhart Bedford, Karen (July 31, 2000). "Better Saturday competition seen for the kids audience". Current. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
  45. ^ Downey, Kevin (November 4, 2006). "Meet Miss Lori". Broadcasting Cable. Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  46. ^ "PBS KIDS Selects First-Ever Host of New Preschool Block". About PBS - Main. Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  47. ^ "L.A. Story: Coming Attractions: Tributes to Dr. Seuss". L.A. Story. March 1, 2012. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  48. ^ Owen, Rob (October 26, 2012). "Tuned In: 'Munsters' reboot a fun Halloween treat". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  49. ^ Williams, Valerie (May 14, 2017), This Free 'Mister Rogers' Marathon Is A Parent's Dream Come True, archived from the original on December 24, 2019, retrieved December 24, 2019
  50. ^ Aquino, Steven (October 12, 2020). "How PBS Kids Is Making Remote Learning More Accessible To All Children In The Coronavirus Age". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  51. ^ a b Perez, Sarah (January 16, 2017). "PBS KIDS debuts a new channel and live TV service, available via web and mobile". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  52. ^ Behrens, Steve; Bedford, Karen Everhart (December 13, 1999). "DirecTV okays channels from PBS and ITVS". Current. American University School of Communication. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  53. ^ a b Everhart, Karen (July 17, 2006). "PBS Kids Go! channel: plan is no-go for now". Current. Current Publishing Committee. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
  54. ^ Katz, Richard (September 2, 1999). "PBS launches kids network". Variety. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  55. ^ Everhart, Karen (September 2, 2002). "Sesame quits Noggin network". Current.org. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  56. ^ Singel, Ryan (December 3, 2009). "Comcast Buys NBC, Clouding Online TV's Future". Wired. Archived from the original on January 19, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  57. ^ "PBS Kids Program Break (2006 WBGU-TV)". YouTube. September 6, 2006. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  58. ^ "PBS KIDS GO! Channel To Launch October 2006". About PBS - Main. April 4, 2006. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  59. ^ Everhart, Karen (July 17, 2006). "PBS Kids Go! channel: plan is no-go for now". Current. Current Publishing Committee. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
  60. ^ "PBS to Launch Free 24/7 Multiplatform PBS KIDS Services". About PBS - Main. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  61. ^ Koblin, John (February 23, 2016). "PBS Is Creating a Channel Exclusively for Children". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
  62. ^ Maglio, Tony (January 15, 2017). "PBS Kids Lands Its Own National TV Channel". TheWrap. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
  63. ^ Hepburn, Tmera (September 10, 2021). "PBS Kids Channel is Now Live on DirecTV Stream". Cord Cutters News. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  64. ^ Koblin, John (February 22, 2016). "PBS Is Creating a Channel Exclusively for Children". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  65. ^ "Stations for Network – PBS Kids Local". RabbitEars.Info. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  66. ^ "Stations for Network – PBS Kids 24/7". RabbitEars.Info. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  67. ^ Newman, Deirdre (January 16, 2017). "PBS Starts Kids Channel Streaming". Orange County Business Journal. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  68. ^ Barney, Chuck (January 15, 2017). "PBS Kids: New 24/7 children's channel". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  69. ^ Sefton, Dru (January 18, 2017). "Peoria station marks debut of PBS Kids channel with party". Current. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  70. ^ Sefton, Dru (January 15, 2017). "Launch of PBS Kids streaming channel reshapes multicast lineups". Current. American University School of Communication. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  71. ^ Peery, Lexi (January 13, 2017). "WGBH to launch a 24-hour channel devoted to kids". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  72. ^ Kelly, Ray (January 13, 2017). "WGBY-TV, Channel 57, making PBS Kids a 24/7 offering". The Republican. MassLive Media. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  73. ^ Acosta, Roberto (April 22, 2018). "Flint public television station to go off the air Monday". Flint Journal. MLive Media Group. Archived from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  74. ^ "PBS KIDS 24/7 comes to WSKG TV Wednesday, Feb. 1". WSKG Public Media. January 12, 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  75. ^ "Basin PBS - It's finally HERE! The PBS 24/7 KIDS Channel is finally here on Basin PBS, channel 36.2! We're SO excited! If you're on an antenna, you'll need to rescan your television to receive the channel. If you're on cable or satellite, you'll need to call your provider and request the channel. Now your kids can watch and learn from the source most trusted by parents, 24/7! PBS KIDS #PBSKIDS | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  76. ^ Kehoe, Katrina (March 6, 2017). "KLRN launches 24/7 PBS KIDS Channel". KLRN.org. Alamo Public Telecommunications Council. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
[edit]