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Conjugated estriol

Not to be confused with Conjugated estrogens or Estrogen conjugate.
Conjugated estriol
Estriol 16α-glucuronide, the primary active component in conjugated estriol (estriol glucuronides constitute about 35 to 46% of total content).
Estriol 3-sulfate, the second major active component in conjugated estriol (constitutes about 15 to 22% of total content).
Combination of
Estriol glucuronideEstrogen
Estriol sulfateEstrogen
Estriol sulfate glucuronideEstrogen
Clinical data
Trade namesProgynon, Emmenin
Other namesConjugated human estriol; Conjugated oestriol; Conjugated human oestriol; CE3; CHE3; Conjugated human estrogens; Conjugated human oestrogens; CHEs
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Identifiers
CAS Number
UNII

Conjugated estriol, sold under the brand names Progynon and Emmenin, is an estrogen medication which was previously used for estrogen-type indications such as the treatment of menopausal symptoms in women. The term specifically refers to formulations of estriol conjugates which were manufactured from the estrogen-rich urine of pregnant women and were used as medications in the 1920s and 1930s. Conjugated estriol is analogous to and was superseded by conjugated estrogens (brand name Premarin), which is manufactured from the urine of pregnant mares. Conjugated estriol was among the first forms of pharmaceutical estrogen to be used in medicine. It was taken by mouth.

The main components of conjugated estriol are estriol glucuronides and to a lesser extent estriol sulfates. Estrogen glucuronides can be deglucuronidated into the corresponding free estrogens by β-glucuronidase in tissues that express this enzyme, such as the mammary gland, liver, and kidney, among others.[1] Likewise, estrogen sulfates can be desulfated into the corresponding free estrogens by steroid sulfatase in tissues that express this enzyme.[2] Consequently, estrogen conjugates have estrogenic activity via conversion into unconjugated estrogens.[1]

Progynon

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Progynon (Schering).

Progynon was an orally active formulation of estrogen that was developed by Adolf Butenandt at Schering and introduced in Germany in 1928.[3][4][5][6][7][8] It was reportedly the first sex hormone product and hence also the first estrogen product to be introduced for medical use.[8] Progynon was originally an ovarian or placental extract,[9][10] but Schering soon switched for economic reasons to using the urine of women who were in late pregnancy.[6] This form of Progynon was essentially the same product as Emmenin, which was developed by James Collip at Ayerst and introduced in Canada in 1930 (and in the U.S.Tooltip United States in 1934).[3][4]

To further reduce the costs of manufacturing Progynon, Schering eventually switched to using the urine of pregnant mares and called its new product Progynon 2.[3][4][11] Ayerst followed suit, with the introduction of Premarin (conjugated equine estrogens) in 1941.[4] Premarin soon superseded Emmenin and has since become not only a very widely used estrogen, but one of the most widely prescribed drugs in North America.[12]

Both Progynon and Emmenin contained a mixture of water-soluble estrogens, which was determined later to be mostly estriol glucuronide.[4][13] Conjugates of estriol like estriol glucuronide and estriol sulfate constitute more than 90% of the estrogens in the urine of pregnant women.[14] Of these conjugates, 35 to 46% are estriol glucuronides and 15 to 22% are estriol 3-sulfate in late pregnancy; the double conjugate estriol sulfate glucuronide (probably estriol 3-sulfate 16α-glucuronide) also occurs.[15][16][17]

Progynon was also the name that Butenandt originally gave estrone (which he had isolated in 1929) in his first publication on the substance (and later referred to as folliculine, with the name estrone not finally being adopted until 1935).[18][19] Aside from Progynon and Progynon 2, the Progynon name has also been used in a variety of other estrogenic products marketed by Schering, including Progynon-B (estradiol benzoate), Progynon-DH (estradiol; "dihydroxyestrin"), Progynon-DP (estradiol dipropionate), Progynon-C (ethinylestradiol), Progynova (estradiol valerate), and Progynon Depot (estradiol valerate, estradiol undecylate).

Emmenin

[edit]
Emmenin (Ayerst).

Emmenin was an orally active formulation of estrogen that was developed by James Collip at Ayerst and introduced in Canada in 1930 and the United States in 1934.[3][4] It was originally an extract obtained from human placenta.[20][21][22][23][24] At some point, it seems to have been changed to an extract of the urine of women who were in late pregnancy, which was equivalent in composition but was less expensive to source,[25] and was essentially the same product as Progynon, a related estrogen developed by Adolf Butenandt at Schering and introduced in Germany.[3][4][5][6][7][8] These estrogen products were the first orally active estrogens to be marketed for medical use.[4][8][26][27]

To reduce the costs of manufacturing Emmenin and Progynon, Ayerst and Schering eventually switched to using the urine of pregnant mares (which contains conjugated equine estrogens, primarily estrone sulfate)[2] and called their new products Premarin and Progynon 2, respectively.[3][4][11] Premarin was introduced by Ayerst in 1941[4] and has become not only a very widely used estrogen, but one of the most widely prescribed drugs in North America.[12]

Both Emmenin and Progynon contained a mixture of water-soluble conjugated estrogens, later determined to be mostly estriol glucuronide.[4][13] Conjugates of estriol like estriol glucuronide and estriol sulfate constitute more than 90% of the estrogens in the urine of pregnant women.[14] Of these conjugates, 35 to 46% are estriol glucuronides and 15 to 22% are estriol 3-sulfate in late pregnancy; the double conjugate estriol sulfate glucuronide (probably estriol 3-sulfate 16α-glucuronide) also occurs.[15][16][17] Unlike unconjugated estrogens like estradiol and estrone, these estrogens were orally active.[4][8][26][27]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Zhu BT, Conney AH (January 1998). "Functional role of estrogen metabolism in target cells: review and perspectives". Carcinogenesis. 19 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1093/carcin/19.1.1. PMID 9472688.
  2. ^ a b Kuhl H (August 2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration". Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Seaman B (4 January 2011). The Greatest Experiment Ever Performed on Women: Exploding the Estrogen Myth. Seven Stories Press. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-1-60980-062-8.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rooke T (1 January 2012). The Quest for Cortisone. MSU Press. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-1-60917-326-5.
  5. ^ a b Veler CD, Thayer S, Doisy EA (1930). "The Preparation of the Crystalline Follicular Ovarian Hormone: Theelin". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 87 (2): 357–371. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)76871-3.
  6. ^ a b c Kobrak C (7 October 2002). National Cultures and International Competition: The Experience of Schering AG, 1851-1950. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-0-521-81481-2.
  7. ^ a b Streck A (1928). ""Progynon"-Schering, ein Neues Zyklus-Hormonpräparat" ["Progynon"-Schering, a new cycle hormone preparation]. Klinische Wochenschrift (in German). 7 (25): 1172–1178. doi:10.1007/BF01738283. ISSN 0023-2173. S2CID 35945534.
  8. ^ a b c d e Regitz-Zagrosek V (2 October 2012). Sex and Gender Differences in Pharmacology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 549–. ISBN 978-3-642-30725-6. The first sex steroid used as pharmacological agent was Progynon, first sold by Schering AG in 1928. [...]
  9. ^ Batisweiler J (1928). "Placentaextrakt Progynon (Schering-Kahlbaum) bei Menstruationsstörungen und Kastrationsfolgen" [Placenta extract Progynon (Schering-Kahlbaum) for menstrual disorders and the consequences of castration.]. ZBL. Gynäk (in German): 2227–2232.
  10. ^ Alstead S (22 October 2013). Poulsson's Text-Book of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Elsevier. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-1-4832-2584-5.
  11. ^ a b Chopra HK, Nanda NC (15 December 2013). Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspective. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 326–. ISBN 978-93-5090-803-7.
  12. ^ a b Bolton JL (13 October 2006). "Bioactivation of Estrogens to Toxic Quinones". Advances in Molecular Toxicology. Vol. 1. Elsevier. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-0-08-046538-8.
  13. ^ a b Pincus G (22 October 2013). Recent Progress in Hormone Research: The Proceedings of the Laurentian Hormone Conference. Elsevier Science. pp. 307–. ISBN 978-1-4832-1945-5.
  14. ^ a b Creasy RK, Resnik R, Lockwood CJ, Iams JD, Greene MF, Moore T (2013). Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-1-4557-1137-6.
  15. ^ a b Assali NS (3 September 2013). The Maternal Organism. Elsevier. pp. 339–. ISBN 978-1-4832-6380-9.
  16. ^ a b Sies H, Packer L (2005). Phase II Conjugation Enzymes and Transport Systems. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 294–. ISBN 978-0-12-182805-9.
  17. ^ a b Smith OW, Hagerman DD (June 1965). "Quantitative estimation of estrogen conjugates in late pregnancy plasma". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 25 (6): 732–741. doi:10.1210/jcem-25-6-732. PMID 14296256.
  18. ^ Laylin JK (30 October 1993). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992. Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-0-8412-2690-6.
  19. ^ Booth D (2 November 1983). "Estrone". In Florey K (ed.). Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances. Vol. 12. Academic Press. pp. 136–. ISBN 978-0-08-086107-4.
  20. ^ Collip JB, Browne JS, Thomson DL (1934). "The Chemical Nature of Emmenin". Endocrinology. 18 (1): 71–74. doi:10.1210/endo-18-1-71. ISSN 0013-7227.
  21. ^ Macfarlane C (1936). "Observations on the use of Collip's emmenin in the menopause". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 31 (4): 663–666. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(36)90468-4. ISSN 0002-9378.
  22. ^ Campbell AD (1933). "Concerning Placental Hormones and Menstrual Disorders". Annals of Internal Medicine. 7 (3): 330. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-7-3-330. ISSN 0003-4819.
  23. ^ Campbell AD, Collip JB (1930). "Treatment of menopausal symptoms and menstrual disorders with extracts of human placenta and pregnancy urine". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 23: 633–641.
  24. ^ McCullagh EP (1935). "The Management of Functional Menstrual Disorders". Cleveland Clinic Quarterly. 2 (4): 52–64. doi:10.3949/ccjm.2.4.52.
  25. ^ Stevenson WG (November 1945). "Pregnant Mares' Urine and Oestrogens". Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science. 9 (11): 293–301. PMC 1661006. PMID 17648157.
  26. ^ a b Li A (27 October 2003). J.B. Collip and the Development of Medical Research in Canada: Extracts and Enterprise. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-0-7735-2609-9.
  27. ^ a b Gluck M (1 February 2010). It Must Be My Hormones. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-85796-510-3.