View text source at Wikipedia

Google Health

Not to be confused with Google Fit.
Google Health
Company typePart of Google
IndustryHealth information technology
FoundedMay 20, 2008; 16 years ago (2008-05-20)
Products
    • Google Care Studio
    • Health features in Google Search
OwnerGoogle
Websitehealth.google

Google Health encompasses the health and wellbeing initiatives of Google, including Fitbit and a range of other features and integrations. Google Health started in 2008 as an attempt to create a repository of personal health information in order to connect doctors, hospitals and pharmacies directly. The Google Health project was discontinued in 2012, but the Google Health portfolio re-established in 2018 before being redescribed in 2022 as an "effort" rather than a distinct division.[1][2]

As of 2024, Google Health describes a range of features across other Google products, as well as the Google Cloud Studio integration for third-party electronic health records, such as MEDITECH Expanse.[3]

History

[edit]
former Google Health beta logo
Former Google Health beta logo

2008–2012

[edit]

Google Health was the name given to a 2008–2012 version of a service, which allowed Google users to volunteer their health records—either manually or by logging into their accounts at partnered health services providers—into the Google Health system, thereby merging potentially separate health records into one centralized Google Health profile. Volunteered information could include "health conditions, medications, allergies, and lab results".[4] Once entered, Google Health used the information to provide the user with a merged health record, information on conditions, and possible interactions between drugs, conditions, and allergies.[5] Google Health's API was based on a subset of the Continuity of Care Record.[6]

The original Google Health was under development from mid-2006, under ex-chief health strategist Roni Zeiger.[7][8] In 2008, the service underwent a two-month pilot test with 1,600 patients of The Cleveland Clinic.[9] Starting on May 20, 2008, Google Health was released to the general public as a service in beta test stage. On September 15, 2010, Google updated Google Health with a new look and feel.[10]

On June 24, 2011, Google announced it was retiring Google Health on January 1, 2012; data was available for download through January 1, 2013.[11][12] The reason Google gave for abandoning the project was the lack of widespread adoption.[13] In 2012, Roni Zeiger left Google.[7]

2018–2021

[edit]

Google Health in 2018 was the name given to a team working within Google, rather than a service or application, following a similarly named web service in 2008–2012.

In 2018, during a process codenamed "Tuscany," teams across the company combined into the new Google Health group. This included artificial-intelligence research teams Google Brain and DeepMind, as well as health teams from Nest Labs, the connected-home company Google bought in 2014.[14][15]

Starting in November 2018, David Feinberg was appointed lead.[16] In 2019, it was announced they wanted more searchable medical records and to "improve the quality of health-focused search results across Google and YouTube".[17] Google Health also appeared to focus on health-related artificial intelligence research, clinical tools, and partnerships for other healthcare tools and services.[18]

Later in 2018, Google reorganized their healthcare efforts, and as a result DeepMind Health became part of Google Health.[19] They began a non disclosed project called Project Nightingale, a partnership with Ascension, a large Catholic health care system in the United States.[20][21] The project was headed by David Feinberg, hired in November 2018 and his oversight included Google Fit, health-oriented features in Google Search, G Suite for healthcare businesses, AI-based health research offerings, and Alphabet subsidiaries DeepMind Health, Verily, and Calico.[16][17] At the 2019 HLTH health care conference, Feinberg announced Google Health is working on improvements with the search functions in electronic health records (EHR) and to improve health-related search results across their platforms.[17]

In 2020, there were four areas of focus:

  1. Consumer tools : included work on search and maps to surface authoritative information. This group was formally moved out of Google Health and parceled into the Search division and FitBit division in 2021.[22]
  2. Clinician tools : in partnerships with doctors and clinicians
  3. Imaging and diagnostics
  4. Research group

In 2021, the imaging, diagnostics and research groups appeared to be consolidated as the Health AI group.[22]

Google Health reportedly struck up deals to work with large health systems such as Ascension and Stanford Medicine, but talks with other major health companies and organizations including CVS Health and the Gates Foundation had "fallen apart along the way".[23]

In February 2020, Google Health had more than 500 employees.[24] In August 2021, Google reorganized the health projects and teams. Google Health continues to operate today as a "company-wide effort" led by Google's Chief Health Officer, Karen DeSalvo.[25]

In 2023, Google shared that "there is no 'Google Healthcare' division or platform within Google today".[26] At the same time, there had been reports of a platform offering that non-company partners have referred to publicly as "Google Health". This is now known to refer to Google Care Studio.

Fitbit and consumer health

[edit]

In November 2019, Google announced plans to acquire Fitbit,[27] with the company adding that "Fitbit health and wellness data will not be used for Google ads." The European Data Protection Board voiced privacy concerns in February 2020 about mass aggregation of data.[28] In August 2020, EU regulators announced plans for an anticompetition probe into the deal.[29] The acquisition was completed in January 2021.[30][31] Later in 2021, a portion of the consumer health efforts of Google Health were formally moved into the FitBit division.[22]

A personal health record app allowing users to rate their health records and share them with others appeared to be under development and real world testing in 2021.[32]

COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]

"A quarter of Google Health's life has been spent during the coronavirus pandemic, and it's helped focus its search ambitions, partnerships with health officials, and collaboration across the company," chief health officer Karen DeSalvo said in August 2020.[33] She described YouTube, Maps, Google Assistant, and Google search wanting to guide consumers on their healthcare experience, called the "Discovery to Action Pathway". This included searching for local testing sites, looking for doctors, and setting up an appointment.[34]

In April 2020, Julie Black, Director of Product Management for Google Health, announced virtual care entries on Google Maps for medical businesses.[35][non-primary source needed] Searches for "immediate care" would also show widely-available virtual care platforms like Live Health Online, AmWell and Doctor on Demand.

In August 2020, Google announced an partnership with and investment in AmWell, a telemedicine company.[36][non-primary source needed] The two companies aim to use their technology capabilities for TeleHealthcare including artificial intelligence and collaboration tools. Google Cloud will also invest $100 million in Amwell.

Exposure Notifications System (ENS)
[edit]
Main article: Exposure Notifications

In 2020, Apple and Google announced changes to their operating systems that would enable exposure notification for users. Chief Health Officer Karen DeSalvo noted that privacy concerns had led to the approach using Bluetooth-based proximity signals rather than GPS location tracking.[37] In the UK, an NHS-developed app saw some adoption resulting in 1.7M exposure notifications.[38] However, as of 2022, adoption of apps using Apple and Google’s exposure notification system had never gone above single digits for most states in the U.S.[39]

Other countries had elected not to use the Google framework has opted for location tracking. Instead, some had special laws previously created for the public health emergency, allowing government use of location tracking and transaction databases by government authorities. In South Korea, authorities using cellphone location data had identified 60,000 people near a mass-exposure event in Itaewon. Affected individuals were notified, with some asked to self-quarantine, resulting in only 246 cases from the exposure. Privacy advocates expressed concern over the use of location data in this way.[40]

Google Health Studies

[edit]

In late 2020, Google introduced a Google Health Studies app for Android phones, appearing to rival Apple’s ResearchKit and Research App.[41] The first studies on the Health Studies app focus on respiratory illness like COVID-19.[42] Google deployed federated learning in an effort to improve privacy and security in its Health Studies app.[43]

The Google Health Studies app was introduced amidst news that a competing Apple Research app had inadvertently collected more health data than requested.[44] The Apple study had unintentionally collected 30 days of additional data, which was not requested as part of the study. According to emails to study participants, extra data had reportedly been deleted and was never accessed by Apple.[45]

Google Care Studio

[edit]

In March 2023, the CEO of MEDITECH, an electronic health record company, referred to Google Health as a product with features including "search and summarization capabilities."[46] Later that Month, Google Health and MEDITECH announced a partnership to integrate the Google Care Studio product into MEDITECH's latest EHR product, Expanse.

Partnerships

[edit]

Google Health's current partners include Apollo Hospitals, Aravind Eye Hospital, Ascension, CIDRZ, Mayo Clinic, Northwestern Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, Sankara Nethralaya, and Stanford Medicine.[47]

The original Google Health (2008–2012), like many other Google products, was free to use for consumers. Unlike other Google services, however, Health contained no advertising.[48] Google did not reveal how it planned to make money with the service, but a Wall Street Journal article said that Google "hasn't ruled [advertising] out for the future."[49] Google filed in 2007, U.S. Patent Application #20070282632, "Method and apparatus for serving advertisements in an electronic medical record system".[50]

Google Health (from 2008 to 2012) imported medical and/or drug prescription information from the following partners: Allscripts, Anvita Health, The Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts, The Cleveland Clinic, CVS Caremark, Drugs.com, Healthgrades, Longs Drugs, Medco Health Solutions, Quest Diagnostics, RxAmerica, and Walgreens.[51][non-primary source needed] In January 2010, the Withings WiFi Body scale enables Google Health users to seamlessly update their weight and other data to their online profiles.[52] Users whose health records reside with other providers had to either manually enter their data or pay to have a Google Health partner perform the service. MediConnect Global was one such partner; for a fee, they would retrieve a user's medical records from around the world and add them to his or her profile.

In 2009, in response to demand for added convenience, Google Health began establishing relationships with tele-health providers that will allow their users to sync the data shared during tele-health consultations with their online health records partnerships have been formed with the following companies: MDLiveCare and Hello Health.[53][non-primary source needed]

Privacy concerns

[edit]

The original Google Health was an opt-in service, meaning it could only access medical information volunteered by individuals. It did not retrieve any part of a person's medical records without his or her explicit consent and action.[4] However, it did encourage users to set up profiles for other individuals.[5] According to its Terms of Service, Google Health is not considered a "covered entity" under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996; thus, HIPAA privacy laws do not apply to it.[54]

In a 2008 article covering the original Google Health's launch, the New York Times discussed privacy issues and said that "patients apparently did not shun the Google health records because of qualms that their personal health information might not be secure if held by a large technology company."[9] Others contend that Google Health may be more private than the current "paper" health record system because of reduced human interaction.[55]

DeepMind Health and NHS

[edit]

In 2017, DeepMind, a Google-owned company, was found to have not complied with UK data protection laws, according to the UK Information Commissioner’s Office.[56] The health unit of DeepMind had been formed in early 2016. DeepMind acquired a task management app called Hark developed by Dominic King and Lord Ara Darzi at Imperial College.[57] Deepmind Health was also developing an app with the NHS Royal Free Hospital called Streams that helped monitor patients with acute kidney injury.[57] The ICO said that patients were not notified correctly about how their data was being used. The DeepMind Health team noted the appointment of David Feinberg at Google in November 2018,[58] and later officially joined Google Health in late 2019.[59]

University of Chicago

[edit]

In June 2019, University of Chicago, its medical center, and Google were sued in a potential class-action lawsuit about patient record sharing. A federal judge dismissed the patient data privacy lawsuit on September 4, 2020.[60] The class action suit had been filed by plaintiff Matt Dinerstein and represented by attorney Jay Edelson.[61][62]

The University noted that class action attorney Edelson had a potential conflict of interest, as an investor in a competing company, Quant HC. According to a legal motion filed in 2019, Edelson and his law partners allegedly "funded, organized, and served as officers and directors of" Quant HC, a company founded by Edelson’s spouse, a physician at University of Chicago.[63] Quant HC, produced medical software called ECART, and received $600,000 of initial investment from Edelson and his wife from its founding in 2012.[64][65]

Ascension Health

[edit]

In 2018, Project Nightingale started the partnership with Ascension, one of the largest United States health care systems.[21] Ascension health system and Google described the partnership including infrastructure modernization, transitioning to productivity and collaboration tools, and exploring artificial intelligence / machine learning applications and tools for doctors and nurses.[66][67]

In November 2019, Google engineers were reported to have had access to medical records held by Ascension as they were building products and as a result, the US government opened up an investigation on the partnership.[68] From December 2019 to March 2020, a group of U.S. Senators asked for more information about the project, and how sensitive health information was protected.[69]

Legal observers, however, had noted that there had probably not actually been any HIPAA federal privacy law violations, citing a business associate agreement between Google and Ascension in line with what HIPAA allowed.[70][71] Other health data experts commented that companies such as IQVIA, UnitedHealth Optum Labs, and Symphony Health, IBM Watson Health (Truven Health) "reap the profits of selling the healthcare data while the people from whom it's collected have no control over how it's used. Nor do they get any compensation for it."[72] For example, IQVIA, a large pharmaceutical research and marketing conglomerate noted that they have data on over 600 million patients in their public 10-K financial filings.[73]

Other media coverage noted that while Google had done nothing illegal, questions remained on what other uses Google intended.[74] Google executive Tariq Shaukat wrote in an official statement that the data would be used in extending tools to doctors and nurses to improve care, writing: "We aim to provide tools that Ascension could use to support improvements in clinical quality and patient safety."[75] The official post was later amended to clarify that Ascension patient data would not be combined with Google consumer data, stating "In accordance with HIPAA and the BAA we sign with our customers, patient data cannot be used for any other purpose than for provisioning the tools specific to the customer."

Comparison to Facebook hospital data projects

[edit]

The stated commitment by Google to not combine data stood in contrast to the health records activities by Facebook.

While Google noted they would not combine health data with consumer data, Facebook had reportedly sought to combine hashed electronic health record data with consumer data. The secretive Facebook "Building 8" project, led by cardiologist Freddy Abnousi, sought to "combine what a health system knows about its patients (such as: person has heart disease, is age 50, takes 2 medications and made 3 trips to the hospital this year) with what Facebook knows (such as: user is age 50, married with 3 kids, English isn't a primary language, actively engages with the community by sending a lot of messages)."[76]

Fitbit acquisition and the European Commission

[edit]

In August 2020, as Google began acquisition of FitBit, the European Commission began investigating Google's potential uses of data collected from Fitbit's health tracking hardware.[77][78] The Commission expressed concerns about competition, the effects of combining data from FitBit and Google in the digital healthcare sector, and potential effects of interoperability of rivals' wearables with Google's Android operating system for smartphones.

[edit]

Google's parent company Alphabet, Inc. has also been active in the healthcare industry with the companies Verily, Calico, and DeepMind.[79] In July 2020, sister company Verily was described as acting "largely independent of one another", while Verily chief executive officer Andrew Conrad reportedly wanted to end the "rivalry" between the two companies and collaborate more closely.[80][81]

On December 7, 2011, MediConnect Global announced a similar capability that allows displaced Google Health users to transfer their personal health records to a MyMediConnect account.[82]

Google Health was a personal health record (PHR) service with numerous competitors, including other proprietary PHR systems and open-source such as Microsoft's HealthVault, Dossia, and the open-source Indivo project.[83]

In the United States hospital market for electronic health records (EHR) in 2018, Epic, Cerner, MEDITECH, and CSPI (Evident Thrive) had the top market share at 28%, 26%, 9%, and 6%.[84] For large hospitals with over 500 beds, Epic and Cerner had over 85% market share in 2019.[85]

Microsoft

[edit]
Main article: Microsoft HealthVault

On July 18, 2011, Microsoft released a tool that lets Google Health customers transfer their personal health information to a web-based Microsoft HealthVault account.[86] HealthVault had partnered with American Heart Association, Johnson & Johnson, and Allscripts.[87] In November 2019, Microsoft HealthVault was shut down and it was suggested users migrate their records to Get Real Health and FollowMyHealth.[87]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Google disbands health unit as chief departs for Cerner". Healthcare Dive. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  2. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions and Answers - Google Health". April 23, 2022. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  3. ^ Muret, Paul (March 15, 2022). "Expanding Care Studio with a new healthcare partnership". Google Blog. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
  4. ^ a b "About Google Health". Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  5. ^ a b "Google Health: Take a Tour". Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  6. ^ "Google Health Data API: CCR Reference". Archived from the original on February 21, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  7. ^ a b "Google vet Roni Zeiger leaves Smart Patients to head up Facebook's growing health efforts". MobiHealthNews. May 28, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  8. ^ "Checking up on Dr. Google: How the search giant has tackled health and wellness". MobiHealthNews. November 20, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  9. ^ a b Lohr, Steve (May 20, 2008). "Google Offers Personal Health Records on the Web". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  10. ^ Krazit, Tom. "Google tweaks Google Health dashboards". Retrieved September 15, 2010.
  11. ^ Lohr, Steve (June 24, 2011). "Google Is Closing Its Health Records Service". The New York Times.
  12. ^ Brown, Aaron (June 24, 2011). "Official Blog: An update on Google Health and Google PowerMeter". Googleblog.blogspot.com. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  13. ^ "An update on Google Health and Google PowerMeter". Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  14. ^ Langley, Blake Dodge, Hugh. "Google's secretive healthcare business wants to organize the world's health information, but insiders describe how turf wars and trust issues are hamstringing the operation". Business Insider. Retrieved October 3, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ "Google Health's strategy and identity within Alphabet is still in flu…". archive.is. September 30, 2020. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  16. ^ a b Pearl M.D., Robert (November 10, 2018). "Why Did Google Hire Geisinger CEO Dr. David Feinberg?". Forbes. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Lakshmanan, Ravie (November 4, 2019). "Google wants to create the ultimate medical record search tool for doctors". The Next Web. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  18. ^ "Google Health". health.google. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  19. ^ Ghosh, Shona. "Google is consolidating DeepMind's healthcare AI business under its new Google Health unit". Business Insider. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  20. ^ "Google Health Data Project Under Scrutiny". NPR.org. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  21. ^ a b Copeland, Rob (November 11, 2019). "WSJ News Exclusive | Google's 'Project Nightingale' Gathers Personal Health Data on Millions of Americans". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  22. ^ a b c "Google reorganizes health division, shedding 130 employees and dropping consumer health focus: report". FierceBiotech. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  23. ^ Langley, Blake Dodge, Hugh. "Inside Google Health's struggle to refocus, regain trust, navigate healthcare, and make money". Business Insider. Retrieved October 1, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Farr, Christina (February 11, 2020). "Google Health, the company's newest product area, has ballooned to more than 500 employees". CNBC. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  25. ^ "Google says health projects will continue even as it unwinds dedicated health division". FierceHealthcare. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  26. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions and Answers - Google Health". March 15, 2023. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  27. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (November 1, 2019). "Google buys Fitbit for $2.1 billion". The Verge. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  28. ^ "TechCrunch". TechCrunch. February 20, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  29. ^ "TechCrunch". TechCrunch. August 4, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  30. ^ Bursztynsky, Jessica (January 14, 2021). "Google closes its Fitbit acquisition". CNBC. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  31. ^ Porter, Jon (January 14, 2021). "Google completes purchase of Fitbit". The Verge. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  32. ^ "Google Health App Tipped to Be in the Works: All You Need to Know". NDTV Gadgets 360. July 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  33. ^ Dodge, Blake. "One of Google's top doctors explains how its coronavirus response is feeding into its long-term plans to reinvent how people get health information". Business Insider. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  34. ^ "Google's healthcare strategy amid the coronavirus pandemic – Business…". archive.is. August 19, 2020. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  35. ^ "Connecting people to virtual care options". Google. April 10, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  36. ^ "Google Cloud And Amwell Partner On Telehealth | Press Releases". Google Cloud. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  37. ^ Reuter, Elise (May 15, 2020). "Apple-Google effort not a panacea for contact tracing". MedCity News. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  38. ^ Lovejoy, Ben (February 9, 2021). "Apple/Google contact tracing API saved thousands of lives in England & Wales". 9to5Mac. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  39. ^ "What happened to those COVID exposure apps?". Marketplace. February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  40. ^ Scott, Dylan (April 19, 2021). "South Korea's Covid-19 success story started with failure". Vox. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  41. ^ Reuter, Elise (December 10, 2020). "Google rolls out health research app". MedCity News. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  42. ^ Wetsman, Nicole (December 9, 2020). "Google launches health research app". The Verge. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  43. ^ "Google Launches Health Studies App to Let Medical Researchers Collect Data in a 'Secure' Manner". News18. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  44. ^ "Apple Hearing Study inadvertently collected more health data than requested". AppleInsider. December 28, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  45. ^ "Apple Hearing Study Bug Results in Accidental Historical Data Collection From Participants". MacRumors. December 28, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  46. ^ "Meditech highlighting Google Health integration and cloud EHR at HIMSS23". Healthcare IT News. April 17, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  47. ^ "Health Tech & Research Partners – Google Health". health.google. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
  48. ^ "Google Health: Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  49. ^ Vascellaro, Jessica E. (May 20, 2008). "Wall Street Journal: Google Helps Organize Medical Records". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  50. ^ "Method and apparatus for serving advertisements in an electronic medical record system". USPTO. December 6, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
  51. ^ "Google Health: Partner Profiles". Retrieved March 11, 2009.
  52. ^ Ray, Bill (January 29, 2010). "Bathroom scale plugs into Google Health". The Register. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  53. ^ "Fall update on Google Health". Retrieved October 7, 2009.
  54. ^ "Google Health: Terms of Service". Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  55. ^ "Humanist → Google Health Can Fix U.S. Healthcare". Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008.
  56. ^ Kharpal, Arjun (July 3, 2017). "Google DeepMind patient data deal with UK health service illegal, watchdog says". CNBC. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  57. ^ a b Rundle, Michael (February 25, 2016). "Why DeepMind wants to bring AI to the NHS". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  58. ^ "Scaling Streams with Google". Deepmind. November 13, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  59. ^ "DeepMind's health team joins Google Health". Deepmind. September 18, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  60. ^ "Judge dismisses data sharing lawsuit against University of Chicago, Google". FierceHealthcare. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  61. ^ HealthITSecurity (September 8, 2020). "Patient Data Privacy Lawsuit Against Google, UChicago Dismissed". HealthITSecurity. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  62. ^ "Google, University of Chicago Face Revamped Health Privacy Suit". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  63. ^ "U of Chicago Seeks Health Suit End on Alleged Attorney Conflict (1)". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  64. ^ "Quant startup offers cardiac-arrest predictive software, eCart – In O…". archive.is. February 3, 2018. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  65. ^ "What if you could prevent someone from suffering cardiac arrest?". Crain's Chicago Business. February 1, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  66. ^ "Ascension News". ascension.org. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  67. ^ "Our partnership with Ascension". Google Cloud Blog. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  68. ^ Kuchler, Hannah (January 20, 2020). "Can we ever trust Google with our health data?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  69. ^ "US senators question Ascension on its Google collaboration Project Nightingale". MobiHealthNews. March 4, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  70. ^ "Google-Ascension: Why Is HIPAA Probably Not Being Violated? – Op-Ed". November 13, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  71. ^ "Project Nightingale seems to square with HIPAA, but next steps matter". Healthcare IT News. November 13, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  72. ^ Mearian, Lucas (November 15, 2019). "Yes, Google's using your healthcare data – and it's not alone". Computerworld. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  73. ^ "IQVIA Holdings Inc. – SEC Filings". ir.iqvia.com. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  74. ^ "Google Is Slurping Up Health Data—and It Looks Totally Legal". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  75. ^ "Our partnership with Ascension". Google Cloud Blog. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  76. ^ Farr, Christina (April 5, 2018). "Facebook sent a doctor on a secret mission to ask hospitals to share patient data". CNBC. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  77. ^ Vincent, James (August 4, 2020). "EU launches full investigation into Google's Fitbit acquisition over health data fears". The Verge. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  78. ^ "Press corner". European Commission – European Commission. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  79. ^ Reader, Ruth (November 15, 2019). "Google's data misdeeds are haunting its healthcare plans". Fast Company. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  80. ^ Langley, Hugh. "As Verily looks to IPO, CEO Andrew Conrad says an inter-Alphabet 'sibling rivalry' with Google's own health team is hurting both companies". Business Insider. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  81. ^ "Verily CEO vowed to end 'sibling rivalry' with Google Health – Busine…". archive.is. August 24, 2020. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  82. ^ "MyMediConnect Offers Displaced Google Health Users Free, Simple Conversion Process for Transferring Personal Health Record Account". BusinessWire. December 7, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  83. ^ "History of the Personally Controlled Health Record". Indivo. Children's Hospital Informatics Program. Archived from the original on May 21, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2010. The Indivo project has its roots in the Guardian Angel project, a collaboration between Harvard and MIT … The article shows a simple timeline or pedigree of the Personally Controlled Health Record.
  84. ^ "In EMR Market Share Wars, Epic and Cerner Triumph Yet Again | HealthLeaders Media". www.healthleadersmedia.com. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  85. ^ "Epic, Cerner Continue to Dominate U.S. Hospital EHR Market, KLAS Finds". Healthcare Innovation. May 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  86. ^ Greene, Jay (July 18, 2011). "Microsoft offers transfer tool to Google Health users". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  87. ^ a b Truong, Kevin (April 8, 2019). "Microsoft HealthVault is officially shutting down in November". MedCity News. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
[edit]